ch. 40

Question 1

what are the three functions of the circulatory system?

Answer 1

1. transportation
2. regulation
3. protection

Question 2

what does the CS transport?

Answer 2

nutrients, glucose, and metabolic waste

Question 3

what does the CS regulate?

Answer 3

hormones and temperature

Question 4

how does the CS act as protection?

Answer 4

injury and clotting; pathogens and WBCs

Question 5

what is the circulatory fluid in sponges and hydra?

Answer 5

water

Question 6

what are characteristics of a fish CS?

Answer 6

• 2 chambers
• efficient gills
• systemic loop only
• low blood pressure
• electrical impulse

Question 7

what kind of CS do fishes have?

Answer 7

closed

Question 8

what are characteristics of an earthworm’s CS?

Answer 8

• completely separate circulatory fluid
• blood enclosed in vessels
• (oxygenated) heart —> arteries —> tissues
• (deoxygenated) tissues —> veins —> heart

Question 9

what are the characteristics of an amphibian’s CS?

Answer 9

• 3 chambers
• double circulation (systemic, pulmonary, and cutaneous)
• blood mixture (nearly complete)
• electrical impulse
• metabolism?
• temp regulation?

Question 10

what are the characteristics of a non-crocodilian reptiles CS?

Answer 10

• 3 chambers
• partial septum
• double circulation (systemic, pulmonary)
• blood mixing (nearly separate)
• metabolism?
• temp reg?

Question 11

what are the characteristics of crocs, birds, and mammals CS?

Answer 11

• 4 chambers
• complete blood separation
• no blood mixing
• double loop (systemic, pulmonary)
• sinoatrial node
• metabolism?
• temp reg?

Question 12

what does the atria do in the mammalian heart?

Answer 12

collects blood that is returning to the heart; is stretchy

Question 13

what do the atrioventricular valves do in the mammalian heart?

Answer 13

connects the atria to the ventricle

Question 14

what are the two atrioventricular valves? what do they connect?

Answer 14

• tricuspid (right atria to right ventricle)
• mitral (left atria to left ventricle)

Question 15

what is the function of the ventricles?

Answer 15

contractions, moving blood away from the heart

Question 16

what do the semilunar valves connect?

Answer 16

ventricles to vessels

Question 17

what are the two types of semilunar valves and what do they connect?

Answer 17

• pulmonary (right ventricle to pulmonary artery)
• aortic (left ventricle to aorta)

Question 18

when the heart contracts, what do the right and left atria receive blood from?

Answer 18

right- body
left- lungs

Question 19

what happens when a sinoatrial node (SA nodes) fires?

Question 20

what happens with an atrioventricular node fires?

Answer 20

impulses down myoseptum and causes ventricles to contract

Question 21

what is a p-wave in an electrocardiogram?

Answer 21

• activation of the atria
• an atrial contraction / atrial depolarization

Question 22

what is a t-wave in an EKG?

Answer 22

• recovery wave
• ventricular relaxation / repolarization
• distole (80 mmHg)

Question 23

what is the QRS complex in an EKG?

Answer 23

• activation of the ventricles
• ventricular contraction / depolarization
• systole (120 mmHg)

Question 24

increase in heart rate?

Answer 24

cardioaccelerator, norepinephrine, sympathetic

Question 25

decrease in heart rate?

Answer 25

cardioinhibitor, acetylcholine, parasympathetic

Question 26

what are baroreceptors?

Answer 26

aortic arch and carotid arteries

Question 27

what do baroreceptors do?

Answer 27

sense contractions or expansions of blood vessels and low or high blood pressure

Question 28

what happens if a baroreceptor senses high BP?

Answer 28

cardiac center of medulla increases frequency of impulses —> decreases sympathetic, increases parasympathetic—> decrease heart rate, stoke volume, vasodilation

Question 29

what are the components of blood?

Answer 29

55% plasma, buffy coat, 45% hematocrit

Question 30

what is plasma made up of?

Answer 30

95% water

Question 31

what does blood plasma transport?

Answer 31

• Nutrients • CO2 (25%) • Nitrogenous waste • Cholesterol • Ions • Hormones • Proteins (Albumin)

Question 32

what does erythropoietin do?

Answer 32

stimulates RBC production (in bone marrow)

Question 33

what are RBCs?

Answer 33

– “erythrocytes” – Hemoglobin w/Fe2+

Question 34

what do RBCs transport?

Answer 34

O2 and CO2 (75%)

Question 35

what is anemia caused by?

Answer 35

• Low Fe2+ , Genetic • Vitamin B, Hemolytic

Question 36

what are WBCs?

Answer 36

“leukocytes”, part of the Immune system, Defense component

Question 37

what are platelets?

Answer 37

cellular fragments, megakaryocytes

Question 38

what do platelets do?

Answer 38

initiate clotting

Question 39

what do platelets adhere to?

Answer 39

exposed collagen

Question 40

what two inactive proteins are activated by clotting factors?

Answer 40

- prothrombin to thrombin - fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 41

what are characteristics of arteries?

Answer 41

- more elastic laters - thicker smooth muscles - thinner connective tissue - arteries to arterioles

Question 42

what are characteristics of veins?

Answer 42

- few elastic layers - thin smooth muscle - thicker connective tissue - veins to venules

Question 43

what are characteristics of capillaries?

Answer 43

- 1 cell thick - 1 mm length - used for exchange and absorption - greatest cross-sectional area

Question 44

what is vasoconstriction?

Answer 44

narrowing of a blood vessel

Question 45

what is vasodilation?

Answer 45

widening of a blood vessel

Question 46

what is the purpose of vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

Answer 46

to regulate body heat

Question 47

what does vasodilation do?

Answer 47

increase in heat loss across epidermis

Question 48

what does vasoconstriction do?

Answer 48

increase in heat loss across epidermis

Question 49

what are varicose veins?

Answer 49

veins that become enlarged because the valves no longer close properly, allowing blood to flow backward

Question 50

where are varicose veins most commonly found?

Answer 50

the legs

Question 51

how are veins different from arteries (structure)?

Answer 51

less muscle and more flexible

Question 52

what is atherosclerosis?

Answer 52

cardiovascular disease causes: - high BP - high cholesterol - plaque formation - vessel blockage treatment: - bypass surgery

Question 53

what causes strokes and what do strokes cause?

Answer 53

blood to the brain is blocked; partial paralysis of body

Question 54

what are myocardial infarctions?

Answer 54

- coronary arteries are blocked - myocardial cells die - 20% of all deaths in US

Question 55

what is an aneurysm?

Answer 55

high blood pressure where ballooned arteries rupture

Question 56

grass hopper CS

Answer 56

- open CS - no distinction btwn body fluids and circ fluids - uses a hemolyph (cavity were combined fluids are) - heart —> fluid —> channels and cavities —> drains back to heart

Question 57

what is the heart rate controlled by?

Answer 57

the SA node and autonomic nervous system

Question 58

what happens with the ventricles during contraction of the heart?

Answer 58

- they contract (systol) - atrioventricular valves forcibly close - pressure up, semilunar valves open - blood —> vessels - relaxation - semilunar valves close

Question 59

what happens with the atria during contraction of the heart?

Answer 59

- pressure up, atrioventricular valves open - blood —> ventricles (80%) - atria contracts (20%) - fills relaxed ventricles (diastole)

Question 60

what does systole mean?

Answer 60

contraction phase of cardiac cycle when the ventricles are pumping blood into the arteries

Question 61

what is diastole?

Answer 61

relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart is relaxed and the ventricles are filling with blood

Question 62

what is it called when there is no stimulus to the heart?

Answer 62

heart at rest / diastole

Question 63

what is another name for a ventricular contraction?

Answer 63

systole

Question 64

what happens when sinoatrial nodes fire?

Answer 64

- APs spread through atria - atria contract - APs spread to AV-node

Question 65

what does venous mean?

Answer 65

PCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the veins (40 mm Hg in the pulmonary veins) PO2: partial pressure of oxygen in the veins (100 mm Hg in the pulmonary veins)