CH 34 CHORDATA

Question 1

4 key derived traits of chordata

Answer 1

muscular post-anal tail
dorsal, hollow nerve cord
notocord
pharyngeal slits or clefts

Question 2

the 4 derived traits of chordata may only be present during…

Answer 2

embryonic development

Question 3

dorsal hollow nerve cord

Answer 3

develops from the ectoderm that rolls into a tube located dorsal to the notochord. fate of embryonic nerve cord is to develop into central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

Question 4

notocord

Answer 4

flexible rod down length of animals to provide structural/skeletal support. larvae and adults who retain it have a firm structure used for muscles to push against to swim. most adults have a jointed skeleton that develops around the notochord and only remnants remain.

Question 5

pharynx

Answer 5

region of digestive tube posterior to mouth and in embryos

Question 6

pharyngeal clefts/pouches

Answer 6

grooves along the sides of pharynx

Question 7

pharyngeal clefts develop into … allowing water to enter the mouth and exit without …

Answer 7

pharyngeal slits, passing through the entire digestive tract

Question 8

3 varieties of pharyngeal slits:

Answer 8

Invertebrate chordates: suspension feeding devices
aquatic vertebrates: slits to gills for gas exchange in water
tetrapods: clefts to parts of ears and other structures of the head

Question 9

muscular post anal tail

Answer 9

contains skeletal elements and muscles and functions for balance and propulsion. reduced in some species

Question 10

cephalochordata

Answer 10

lancelets - named for blade-like shape, marine suspension feeders, use pharyngeal slits to remove food particles

Question 11

grochordata

Answer 11

tunicates - sea squirts - 4 chordate characteristics present during the brief larval phase, radical metamorphosis, no cephalization in adults, marine sessile filter feeders

Question 12

vertebrate characteristics

Answer 12

Chordates with backbone
well-developed complex brain and nervous system
Complete digestive system
closed circulatory system with a complex heart and chambers
sexual reproduction with separate sexes
skeletal system with notochord replaced by vertebrae

Question 13

how many sets of hox genes do vertebraes have

Answer 13

2

Question 14

what do a vertebrate’s hox genes do

Answer 14

increase genetic and body plan complexity, make innovations in the nervous system and skeleton

Question 15

derived characters of vertebrates (2)

Answer 15

1. endoskeleton: elaborate skull, vertebrate enclosing spinal cord, axial and appendicular skeleton
2. new adaptations: more efficient at capturing food and escaping predation

Question 16

myxini

Answer 16

hagfish - least derived surviving vertebrate lineage,
rudimentary vertebrate and skull made of cartilage,
retains notochord as adults (rod of cartilage),
small brain, eyes, ears, and nasal opening
marine, bottom dwelling scavengers
prey adaptation: slime

Question 17

petromyzontida

Answer 17

lampreys -
jawless aquatic vertebrates
skeleton of cartilage, adults retain notochord as main axial support
cartilaginous projections partially enclose nerve cord
most adults are parasites of fish

Question 18

gnathostomes

Answer 18

vertebrates with jaws -
more specious
jaws and teeth most likely derived from skeletal supports of pharyngeal slits
duplication of hox genes (4)
enlarged forebrain = enhanced smell and vision
lateral line system = sensitive to vibrations in surroundings
paired fins stiffened by fin rays and a tail that allows them to swim faster
- more efficient gas exchange

Question 19

chondrichythyes

Answer 19

sharks, rays, relatives
jaws and skeleton of mostly cartilage
placoid scalesq

Question 20

sharks

Answer 20

predators and carnivores, some are suspension feeders, sharp sensors, no colors vision, internal fertilization and egg storage

Question 21

rays

Answer 21

bottom dwelling carnivores

Question 22

placoid scales

Answer 22

adaptation for speed in water, sandpaper like texture

Question 23

shark teeth are essentially …

Answer 23

modified placoid scales

Question 24

osteichthyes

Answer 24

bony fish
ray finned and lobe finned
bony endoskeleton: calcium phosphate and mineralized bone
operculum
control buoyancy with air sac: swim bladder
skin covered with flat bony scales and mucus
cycloid scales

Question 25

operculum

Answer 25

osteichthyes breathe by drawing water over gills protected by a bony flap

Question 26

cycloid scales

Answer 26

mostly function in protecting fish from predator attacks

Question 27

Types of bony fish

Answer 27

ray finned, lobe finned, lungfish

Question 28

ray finned fish

Answer 28

most specious, fins supported by bony rays, modified for moving and defense

Question 29

lobe finned

Answer 29

muscular pelvic and pectoral fins with rod shaped bones

Question 30

lungfish

Answer 30

live in stagnant swamps and gulp air into their lungs

Question 31

tetrapods

Answer 31

gnathostomes with 4 limbs 365 mya, fins of some lobe fins evolved into limbs tiktaalik

Question 32

tiktaalik

Answer 32

"tiktaalik rosae" 365 mya, fish with amphibian like bone structure to pull through and out of water

Question 33

characteristics of tetrapods

Answer 33

1. 4 limbs and feet with digits to support body weight for motility on land 2. neck seperating head from body to move it up and down but later side to side 3. pelvis bones pushed to backbone to propel entire body to hindlegs pushing off ground 4. pharyngeal clefts and slits (embryonic) which gave rise to parts of ears and other structures of head

Question 34

evolutionary challenges of life on land

Answer 34

desiccation, sex repro, embryonic development, gas exchange

Question 35

amphibia

Answer 35

tetrapods tied to water, meaning 2 lives, require transition during life cycle, aquatic larva and terrestrial adults

Question 36

3 orders of amphibia

Answer 36

urodela: salamanders that have tails anura: frogs and toads with no tails apoda: caecilians and legless and nearly blind

Question 37

amphibia reproduction

Answer 37

tied to water, eggs laid in water, larvae gills and tails for swimming

Question 38

amphibia digestive

Answer 38

completes, varies based on stage, aquatic = herbivore, terrestrial = carnivore

Question 39

amphibia gas exchange

Answer 39

gills to lungs and moist skin for breathing

Question 40

amphibia circulatory system

Answer 40

Larvae have 2 chambers, adults have 3

Question 41

amphibia skeletal system

Answer 41

thick for land

Question 42

amphibia sensory

Answer 42

keen sight (predators), smell, hearing, and vocal cords

Question 43

amphibia habitat

Answer 43

warm ecosystem, behavior to hibernate and/or burrow

Question 44

amniotes

Answer 44

tetrapods with eggs adapted for land, including reptiles, birds, and mammals

Question 45

amniotic egg

Answer 45

key adaptation for land, embryos develop in own "pool" with a shell to prevent desiccation

Question 46

4 extra embryonic measures to protect:

Answer 46

amnion = fluid, embryo bath chorion = gas exchange yolk sac = nutrient stockpile allantois = disposes embryo waste

Question 47

ribcage in amniotes

Answer 47

to ventilate lungs which are more efficient, less permeable skin

Question 48

reptilia

Answer 48

lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, birds, dinosaurs lay shelled eggs on land ectothermic scaled

Question 49

ectothermic

Answer 49

thermoregulation using external sources

Question 50

reptiles are better movers than amphibians because

Answer 50

their limbs rotate under them

Question 51

birds have the following adaptations for flight

Answer 51

wings with keratin feathers, large pectoral muscles attached to keel like sternum bone for flapping, no bladder, small gonads, 1 ovary, hollow bones

Question 52

bird traits

Answer 52

acute vision, fine muscle control, complex behavior, gnasthosthomes, no teeth, large brain, endothermic

Question 53

flight is energetically expensive, so birds have

Answer 53

fast metabolism, constantly eating and shitting, 4 chambered heart to circulate blood and meet O2 needs

Question 54

shelled eggs in reptiles must be ...

Answer 54

kept warm by brooding patients

Question 55

mammalia

Answer 55

amniotes with mammary gland and hair

Question 56

mammary gland

Answer 56

produce milk rich in fats, sugar (lactase), protein, minerals, and vitamins

Question 57

diaphragm

Answer 57

helps ventilate lungs

Question 58

metabolism in mammals is supported by

Answer 58

efficient respiratory and circulatory systems

Question 59

larger brain makes ...

Answer 59

a better learner

Question 60

differentiated teeth

Answer 60

to chew a variety of foods

Question 61

3 subclauses of mammalia

Answer 61

monotremes = 5 species, hair, milk, lay eggs marsupials = young born very early and complete development in mom's pouch while nursing eutherians = placental mammal with embryo sustained in uterus by placenta throughout embryonic development