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Child Dev. > Ch. 4 > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

2 patterns of growth

A

1) cephalocaudal
2) proximodistal

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2
Q

cephalocaudal pattern

A

growth that occurs from head down

-cephalo: head
-caudal: tail

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3
Q

proximodistal pattern

A

center of body to extremities

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4
Q

infancy

A

time of drastic growth in height and weight

height: 1” per month in first year

weight: 5-6 oz. per week in first month

-weight doubles by 4 months and triples by first yr.

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5
Q

early childhood

A

preschool to 5 yrs. old

-diverse growth patterns
–heredity and environment

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6
Q

middle and late childhood

A

6-11 yrs. old

-slow, constant growth
–2-3 inches per yr.
–7 lbs per yr.

-some gender differences

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7
Q

adolescence

A

puberty
–rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes

-timing of puberty
–start 10-13.5 yrs.
–end 13-17 yrs.

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8
Q

puberty

A

rapid phys. maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur in early adolescence

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9
Q

menarche

A

girl’s first menustration

-1840’s: 17 yrs.
-now: age 13 or younger

-precocious puberty
–early onset and rapid progression of puberty

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10
Q

heredity and enviro. influences

A

programmed into genes

-enviro. factors: low SES, maltreatment, family harshness, early substance use, sedentary lifestyles, stress

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11
Q

hormones

A

chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands and carried through body by bloodstream

-parts of brain
–hypothalamus: monitors eating, drinking, sex

–pituitary gland: controls growth, regulates glands

-gonads: sex glands (testes, ovaries)

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12
Q

gender differences in hormones

A

males
-androgens
–testosterone

females
-estrogens
–estradiol

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13
Q

androgens

A

main class of male sex hormones

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14
Q

estrogens

A

main class of female sex hormones

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15
Q

testosterone

A

androgen that’s a key hormone in the development of puberty in boys

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16
Q

growth spurt

A

starts 2 yrs. earlier for girls (on avg.)

-9 yrs. for girls
-11 yrs. for boys

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17
Q

sexual maturation of males

A

increase in genital size, pubic hair, minor voice change

-first ejaculation (spermache), body growth, armpit and facial hair

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18
Q

sexual maturation of females

A

breast growth, pubic and armpit hair, height growth, hips widen

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19
Q

body image

A

preoccupation with what one’s body looks like

-girl’s body image tends to decrease, boys’ increase
-increase at end of adolescence overall

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20
Q

early v. late maturing boys

A

early maturing boys see themselves more positively than late maturing boys

-late maturing boys tend to have a more positive identity by 30 yrs. than early maturing boys

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21
Q

early maturing girls

A

-more likely to: smoke and drink and be depressed

–have an eating disorder, engage in delinquency, tumultuous relationships with parents
–responses from older males drop out of high school, marry younger

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22
Q

research on adolescence

A

1904: Stanley G. Hall published “Adolescence”

–saw adolescence as time of storm
-initial phase characterized by grand models

second phase
-more research, nuanced and strong developmental study methods
-expansion in 1990s
-most research on boys, today girls are resiliency models

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23
Q

APA Presidential Task Force on Adolescent Girls

Study These Flashcards
A

made in 1996

-focuses on strengths, challenges and choices of adolescent girls today
-fills gaps in research, education, practice and public policy

-focus on inclusion of voices and lives in a range of teen girls

24
Q

research questions

Study These Flashcards
A

What helps girls thrive in adolescence?
-Are there different positive influences at different developmental stages?

-What does research say about girls with self-esteem?
-How can adolescent girls best be prepared for roles they’ll play in the future?

-How do adolescent girls influence the world around them?

25
neuroconstructivist view
a) biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brain's development b) brain has plasticity and is context dependent c) development of brain is closely linked with child's cognitive development
26
brain parts
2 hemispheres/halves -top: forebrain -outer layer of cells: cerebral cortex amygdala: emotions hippocampus: motor control
27
4 major areas of hemispheres?
frontal lobes -voluntary movement, thinking, personality, intentionality occipital lobes -vision temporal lobes -hearing, language processing, memory parietal lobes -spatial location, direct attention, motor control
28
neuron
nerve cell that processes information
29
axon
sends electrical signals away from center of neuron -covered by myelin sheath (layer of fat cells)
30
dendrite
receives electrical signals and sends them to center of neuron
31
neurotransmitters
chemicals
32
synapses
gaps between neuron fibers
33
neural circuits
neuron clusters that work together to handle types of info. -attention, memory, job depends on area
34
lateralization
left hemisphere -speech, grammar -right hemisphere --humor, metaphor use
35
changing neurons
birth: brain is at 25% of adult brain weight -2 yrs.: brain at 75% adult brain weight -occurs through myelination and increase in dendrites and synapses
36
infant brains
extensive brain development in infancy -hard to study --radiation risks with PET scans --move too much for MRI --EEGs sometimes successful
37
Shaken Baby Syndrome
brain injury from forcefully shaking infant or toddler -destroys child's brain cells -prevents child's brain from getting enough oxygen -form of child abuse
38
causes of Shaken Baby Syndrome
weak neck muscles, fragile brain moves back and forth in skull -causes bruising, swelling, bleeding
39
symptoms of Shaken Baby Syndrome
-extreme irritability, difficulty staying awake, breathing problems -poor eating, tremors, vomiting, pale or bluish skin, seizures, paralysis, coma
40
risk factors of Shaken Baby Syndrome
unrealistic expectation of babies, young or single parenthood -stress, domestic violence, alcohol or substance abuse -unstable family, depression, maltreatment
41
early experience and the brain
children who grow up in a deprived enviro. may have depressed brain activity
42
myelination
process of encasing axons with a myelin sheath, begins prenatally and continues after birth
43
childhood
brain and head are rapidly growing -amount of brain material in some areas of the brain can double in a yr. --unused tissue and unneeded cells are purged --brain reorganizes -3-6 yrs.: growth in frontal lobes -6-adolescence yrs.: growth in temporal and parietal lobes
44
brain and lying
detected in kids as young as 3.5 yrs. old
45
primary lies
2-3 yrs. -conceal transgressions -don't take listener into acc.
46
secondary lies
4 yrs. -more plausible -geared to listener's mental growth
47
tertiary lies
7-8 yrs. -consistent with known facts -contain follow-up statements
48
adolescence
significant changes -corpus collosum (fibers connection left and right hemispheres of brain) -prefrontal cortex development continues, amygdala
49
prefrontal cortex
highest lvl. of frontal loves involved in reasoning, devision making and self control
50
developmental social neuroscience
connections between development, brain, and socioemotional processes
51
sleep and infants
newborns sleep 16-17 hrs. daily (range 10-21) -by 6 mths., most infants sleep through the night -sleep patterns change -REM sleep -shared sleep
52
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
infant stops breathing, usually happens at night -infant dies without apparent cause, highest cause of infant death in U.S. -most common at 2-4 mths.
53
precautions of SIDS
place infant on back, no blankets or bulky clothes
54
childhood sleep
kids should get 11-13 hrs. of sleep daily -6-11 yr. olds should get 10-11 hrs. of sleep daily -most kids need a nap sleep problems: attention issues, impaired brain growth, substance abuse issues in adolescence
55
sleep and adolescence
ideally 9-10 hrs. -lack of sleep linked to: --delinquency, sleep disturbances, less attention
56
marasmus
severe malnutrition caused by insufficient protein-calorie intake, resulting in shrunken, elderly appearance
57
kwashiorkor
severe malnutrition caused by protein-deficient diet, causing feet and abdomen to swell with wate r

Child Dev. (16 decks)

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