Quiz 3 (Ch. 3) Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
conception
A
sperm unites with ovum (egg) in female’s fallopian tube in fertilization
2
Q
Prenatal dev. starts with fertilization and ends with birth, lasting ___?
A
-266-280 days, 38-40 weeks, 9 months
3
Q
3 periods of prenatal dev.
A
1) germinal
2) embryonic
3) fetal
4
Q
germinal period
A
first 2 weeks after conception
-creation of zygote (fertilized egg) -> cell division -> attachment of zygote to uterine wall
5
Q
blastocyst
A
INNER mass of cells that develops into embryo
6
Q
trophoblast
A
OUTER layer of cells that offers nutrition and support for embryo
7
Q
implantation
A
attachment of zygote to uterine wall
-11-15 days after conception
8
Q
ectopic pregnancies
A
blastocyst attaches to Fallopian tube or any other place besides uterus
-occurs in 1/50 pregnancies
9
Q
embryonic period
A
-weeks 2-8 after conception
-blastocyst attaches to uterine wall -> becomes embryo –> 3 layers of cells form
10
Q
endoderm
A
inner layer of cells that develop into digestive and respiratory systems
-internal body parts
11
Q
mesoderm
A
middle layer -> becomes circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, and reproductive system
-parts surrounding internal areas
12
Q
ectoderm
A
outermost layer -> becomes nervous system/brain, sensory receptors (ears, nose, and eyes) and skin (hair and nails)
-surface parts
13
Q
organogenesis
A
organ formation during first 2 months of prenatal development
-vulnerable to environmental changes
14
Q
amnion
A
bag or envelope containing fluid where embryo floats
-provides environment that’s temp. and humidity controlled as well as shockproof
15
Q
umbilical cord
A
2 arteries and 1 vein that connects the baby to the placenta
16
Q
placenta
A
disk-shaped tissues in which blood vessels from mother and offspring intertwine but don’t join
17
Q
fetal period
A
lasts 7 months (2 months after conception-birth in most pregnancies)
-24-25 weeks post-conception -> fetus is viable (chance of surviving outside womb)
18
Q
neurons
A
nerve cells handling info. processing at cellular lvl. in brain
19
Q
neural tube
A
-18-24 days after conception
-develops out of ectoderm
-where brain and spinal cord form
20
Q
2 birth defects related to neural tube failure
A
1) anencephaly
2) spina bifida
21
Q
anencephaly
A
highest regions of brain fail to develop
-head end of neural tube fails to close
-infants die in womb, during birth, or after
22
Q
spina bifida
A
varying degrees of paralysis of lower limbs
23
Q
neurogenesis
A
creation of new neurons
24
Q
neuronal migration
A
cells moving out from point of origin to appropriate places
-make lvls., structures and regions of brain
25
teratogen
agent that potentially causes a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes
26
teratology
field of study that investigates causes of birth defects
27
dose
greater the amount of exposure to a teratogen, the greater the effect
28
genetic susceptibility
type of severity of abnormalities caused by a teratogen is linked to the genes of pregnant woman and her embryo or fetus
29
time of exposure
teratogen does more damage when it occurs at some points in development than at others
30
caffeine
stimulant (increase blood pressure and heart rate)
-increases frequency of urination
-crosses placenta -> fetus
-found in common foods and medications
-limit caffeine to less than 200 mg daily
31
psychoactive drugs
drugs that act upon nervous system that alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods
-caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, illicit drugs
32
alcohol
10% women drink during pregnancy
-can cause physical deformities, low body weight, damage to CNS, miscarriage
-children at greater risk of impulsivity, easily distracted, learning issues, hyperactive
-leading non-genetic cause of intellectual disability in the U.S.
33
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)
abnormalities and issues that appear in offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy
34
nicotine
preterm births, low birth weights, fetal and neonatal deaths
-respiratory issues, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
-fertility issues in offspring, ADHD
35
cocaine
low birth weight and length and head circumference, behavioral challenges, developmental delays
36
methamphetamine
low birth weight, developmental and behavioral issues, high infant mortality
37
marijuana
lower IQ, lower scores in reading, math or spelling
-difficulities spelling, more impulsive, less able to focus
38
heroin
withdrawal symptoms at birth (tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep)
-behavorial issues, attention deficits
39
environmental hazards
radiation, toxic wastes, chemicals, x-ray radiation
-pollutants (carbon monoxide, mercury, lead, fertilizers, pesticides)
40
rubella
German measles
41
genital herpes
delivered through birth canal -> death or brain damage
42
syphilis
STD
-eye and skin leisons, blindness
43
diabetes
high blood sugar -> large babies, inherit diabetes
44
AIDS
STD caused by HIV which destroys body's immune system
45
3 ways mother can infect offspring with HIV/AIDS
1) during gestation across placenta
2) during delivery through content w/ maternal blood or fluids
3) postpartum through breast feeding
46
Babies born to HIV infected mothers can be?
1) infected and symptomatic
2) infected but ASymptomatic
3) not infected at all
47
maternal diet and nutrition
children born to malnourished mothers are more likely to have malformations and other developmental issues
-being overweight before or after pregnancy can put embryo or fetus at risk
--risk of hypertension, diabetes, respiratory complications, and infections in the mother
-children who did not use folic acid had more behavior issues
--lack of folic acid is related to neural tube defects
-prenatal mercury exposure through fish is linked to miscarriage, preterm birth, and lower intelligence
48
2 maternal ages of special interest
1) adolescence
-high risk of infant mortality
-less likely to seek prenatal care
2) 35+ years
-more likely to have a child with Down syndrome
49
Consequences of high maternal anxiety and stress during pregnancy?
-emotional or cognitive problems, ADHD, language delay
-maternal depression linked to preterm birth and lower birth weight in some pregnancies
50
paternal factors
exposure to lead, radiation, certain pesticides and petrochemicals may cause abnormalities and genetic changes in sperm that lead to miscarriage or diseases such as childhood cancer
-smoking during pregnancy can risk early pregnancy loss, physical deformity or mental illness
-children born to fathers 40+ had increased risk of autism because of an increase in random gene mutation
51
prenatal care
schedule of visits for medical care, exercise
52
Stage 1 of birth
longest of stages
-contractions start at 15-20 mins. apart and last up to a min. each
-cervix stretches and opens (dilates) to 10 cm.
53
3 phases of Stage 1 of birth
1) Early Labor Phase
2) Active Labor Phase
3) Transition Phase
54
Early Labor Phase
lasts from onset of labor until cervix is dilated to 3cm (8-12 hrs.)
-water might break ("amniotic sac rupture")
-woman encouraged to relax, time contractions
--last about 30-45 secs., with 5-30 mins. of rest between them
55
Active Labor Phase
-head to hospital or birth center, 3-5 hrs.
-cervix dilates from 4-7 cm, contractions are 45-60 secs. long, with 3-5 min. rest in between (stronger, closer together)
-breathing and relaxation exercises can help
56
Transition Phase
lasts 30 mins-2 hrs., cervix dilates rom 8-10 cm.
-contractions last 60-90 secs. with 30 sec.-2 min. rest (long, strong, can overlap)
-hardest phase, can experience hot flashes, chills, nausea, vomiting
57
Stage 2 of birth
-begins when baby's head moves through cervix and birth canal
-ends when baby emerges from mother's body ("delivery")
-45 min.-1 hr., contracts 45-90 secs., strong, natural urge to push
-baby's head becomes visible ("crowns")
58
Stage 3 of birth
afterbirth
-5-30 mins., small contractions that signal the placenta is separating from uterine wall
-umbilical cord, placenta, and other membranes are expelled
59
places for giving birth
-in U.S., 99% of births are in hospital
-increase in home births (white women), sometimes with midwife
-father may or may not be present based on culture)
60
midwives
presence depends on culture, specialized in pregnancy, childbirth, reproductive health, family planning
61
doulas
caregiver during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum period
-pain-management techniques, emotional coaching, continuous support
62
analgesia
relieve pain (tranquilizers, barbiturates, narcotics)
63
anesthesia
block sensation in area of body or consciousness
-epidural (spine)
64
nitrous oxide (laughing gas)
used as analgesia or anesthesia depending on dose
65
natural childbirth
reduce fear, increase relaxation and education
66
prepared childbirth (Lamaze method)
special breathing technique to control pushing in final stages of labor and detailed education about anatomy and physiology
67
Cesarean delivery
baby in breech position (buttocks first), large, or more than one
-mother is HIV-positive
-baby is removed from mother's uterus through incision made in abdomen
68
Apgar scale
used to assess health of newborns at 1 and 5 mins after birth
-evaluates heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, body color, and reflexes
-score of 7-10 indicates newborn's condition is good
-score of 5 indicates there may be developmental difficulties
-score of 3 or below signals emergency and indicates baby may not survive
69
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
performed within 24-36 hrs. after birth
-used as index of neurological competence up to one month after birth for typical infants, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects
70
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavorial Scale (NNNS)
-another assessment of newborn's behavior, neurological and stress responses and regulatory capacities
-assess at-risk infants
71
low birth weight infants
< 5 1/2 lbs.
-very low birth weight < 2 lbs.
72
preterm infants
born 3+ weeks early (typical pregnancies are 37 weeks)
73
very preterm
born before 33 weeks of gestational age
74
extremely preterm
born before 28th week of pregnancy
75
small for date infants
birth weight below normal when considering length of pregnancy
76
2 interventions in NICU?
1) kangaroo care
2) massage therapy
77
kangaroo care
skin-to-skin contact in which baby, only wearing a diaper, is help upright against parent's bare chest
78
postpartum period
period after childbirth or delivery until about 6 weeks
-time go physical and emotional adjustment
79
physical adjustment
breasts
-milk supply increases 48-72 hrs. after delivery
-can be uncomfortable ("engorgement")
bleeding
-discharge of old uterine lining and blood ("lochia")
-can start and stop over course of a few weeks
uterus
-starts to return to pre-pregnancy size after delivery for 6 weeks
menstruation
-may not return while breastfeeding
-if not breastfeeding, may return within 4-8 weeks
80
sleep
newborn wakes every 3 hrs. and needs to be fed, changed and comforted
81
emotional adjustments
-emotional fluctuations are common, can affect infant care
-70% of new moms experience postpartum blues
--2-3 days after birth, anxious
82
postpartum depression
major depressive episode that occurs a month after delivery
83
partners
also have to adjust to infant
-may develop depressed feelings, partner isn't as available
--baby gets all attention
84
bonding
formation of connection, physical bond between parents and newborn in period shortly after birth
85
rooming in arrangement
baby remains in mother's room during hospital stay
86
Postpartum Mental Health among Visible and Invisible Sexual Minority Women
-research focuses on heterosexual married women
-sexual minority women may have risk factors for PPD (discrimination)
87
findings for LGBTQ families
ISM women are the largest sexual minority group among women who experience pregnancy
-ISM may be at higher risk for certain health issues and don't disclose sexuality to healthcare providers
-ISM think about or are part of consensual non-monogamy (CNM) practices
88
service provider
individuals or groups that offer preventative, curative, promotional or rehabilitative health care services to people, families and communities
-first point of contact in addressing healthcare concerns
-important that clients feel safe and supported by providers
89
Edinburgh postnatal depression scale
10-question rating scale
-select answer that's closest to how you've felt in past 7 days
