Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

SOCI 313 > ch 4 > Flashcards

ch 4 Flashcards

(84 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

two types of statistics

A

descriptive
inferetial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

three types of non-probability sampling

A

convenience sampling
snowball sampling
quota sampling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

multi-stage cluster sampling involves _______stages

A

two or more
- selecting clusters (groups of elements)
- selecting subunits within cluster
- randomly sampling within the clusters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are multi-stage cluster sampling used for

A

large populations (no adequate sampling frame, elements are geographically dispersed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how to select a stratified random sample

A

stratify the population (divide into subgroups)
select a simple random sample or a systematic sample from each stratum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

in stratified random sampling ensure that _____ in the population of ______ represented in the sample

A

subgroups
proportionally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

explain systematic sample

A

selected from sampling framing (no random. numbers)
- choose a number at random from 1 to i (size of sampling interval)
- this number is known as a random start

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

about what percent of all sample means lie within 1.96 standard errors off the mean

A

95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a sampling frame

A

a list of elements in the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how many people you ask to get a good estimate depends on

A

the level of variability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when there is low variability you do not have to ask as many people to get an ______ response

A

accurate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

four types of probability samples

A

simple random sample
systematic sample
stratified random sampling
multi-stage cluster sampling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does standard error of the mean measure

A

probability samples with sufficient sample sizes that have minimal sampling error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

probability samples with sufficient sample sizes minimize the amount of

A

sampling error (but it is still bound to occur)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

is it virtually impossible to eliminate sampling error, why?

A

yes, using random samples and making the samples as large as possible helps to minimize sampling error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when do errors of estimation occur

A

when there is a discrepancy between the sample and the total population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sampling

A

the selection of a subset of a population
for observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the two main sampling types

A
  1. Probability: Uses random selection methods, associated
    with quantitative methods.
  2. Non-probability: Does not use random selection methods,
    associated with qualitative research.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

systematic

A

A probability sampling method in which units are selected from a sampling frame at fixed intervals (for example, every fifth un

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cluster sample

A

A procedure in which the researcher first samples sets of cases (“clusters”) and then samples units within them, usually using a probability sampling method.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

non-probability sampling

A

A sample selected using a non-random sampling method. Essentially, this means that some units in the population are more likely than others to be selected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

quota sampling

A

A type of non-probability sample that matches the proportions of people in different categories in the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

sampling error

A

Differences between the characteristics of a random sample and the population from which it is selected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Element or unit:

A

A single case in the population. In the social sciences that element or unit is usually a person, but many other things can be sampled as well: nations, cities, regions, schools, firms, and so on. Finch and Hayes (1994), for example, based part of their research on a random sample of wills of deceased people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
population
All the cases about which you are seeking knowledge, or all the cases to which your conclusions are meant to apply
26
sampling frame
The list of elements from which the sample will be selected
27
probability sample
A sample selected using a random process such that each unit in the population has a known chance of being selected. The aim of probability sampling is to keep sampling error (see below) to a minimum
28
Non-response
A situation that occurs whenever some unit selected for the sample refuses to participate in the study, cannot be contacted, or for some other reason does not supply the required data.
29
Census:
Data collected from all elements in the population rather than from a sample. The phrase “the census” typically refers to the enumeration of all (or nearly all) members of the population of a nation-state—that is, a national census
30
Sampling error
An error of estimation that occurs if there is a difference between the characteristics of a sample and those of the population from which it was selected. Sampling error can occur even when a random method is used
31
what is the sampling ratio
n/N
32
systematic sample is directly from the
sampling frame without using random numbers
33
In systematic sampling, it is important to ensure that there is no
pattern or ordering, a feature called periodicity.
34
in systematic sampling is there equal chance of being picked
not every possible combination of cases has an equal chance of being selected
35
stratified random sampling
A sample in which units are randomly sampled from a population that has been previously divided into sub-groups (strata)
36
Without a sampling frame, it’s impossible to
select a simple random or systematic sample.
37
Many researchers prefer probability samples because
they allow one to make inferences from the sample to the population from which it was selected (can be generalized).
38
Which of the following statistics estimates the amount by which a sample mean is likely to differ from the population mean?
Standard error of the mean
39
most important of sample
absolute size not the proportion of the population that it makes up
40
increasing the size of a sample increases
the precision of the estimates derived from it
41
as sample size increases sampling errors tend to
decrease
42
heterogeneity of the population means you will need a
larger sample
43
contingency table×
A table made up of rows and columns that shows the relationship between two variables. Usually, at least one of the variables is a nominal variable or ordinal variable. Each cell in the table shows the number or (more often) the percentage of cases for that specific combination of the two variables
44
What strategy allows social researchers to achieve statistically meaningful results when a subgroup of interest comprises a very small proportion of the population?
Random over-sampling
45
quota sampling critques
- not representative - It is not appropriate to calculate a standard error term (such as the standard error of the mean) from a quota sample, so it is not possible to estimate the amount by which a sample characteristic is likely to differ from the population.
46
onsiderations relating to probability sampling derive largely from concerns about
external validity
46
How do social researchers test the limits of generalizability issuing from changes over time?
Replication correct
47
Even when a sample is selected using probability sampling, findings can only be generalized to the population from which the sample was taken.
true
48
Studies of mass media tend to focus on issues of
representation
49
The time span analysed in content analysis often depends on
the research question
50
What effect has the growing use of cellphones had on telephone surveys?
Decreased response rates
51
Which type of survey is the least accessible to all sample members?
Email
52
Sampling errors in research occur because
occur because there is a discrepancy between the sample group and the total population.
53
What is the advantage of multi-stage cluster sampling
It allows interviews to be more geographically concentrated
54
difficulty with multi-stage cluster sampling
It may be difficult because different clusters may have different numbers of elements in them.
55
The most efficient use of convenience sample is to
test the reliability of measures to be used in a larger studyproportional sampling.
56
Quota sampling interferes with
interferes with representativeness of the sample.
57
Follow-up contact with non-responsive participants are used for
telephone interviews.
58
three search principles
respect concern justice
59
The first priority of a social researcher should be to ensure
that people being studied do not get hurt
60
In Canada, most research must comply with the
TCPS2 (CIHR, NSERC, & SSHRC,
61
who reviews research project that involves humans before it begins
a research ethic board
62
the principle of respect for persons
The utilitarian defines the rightness of actions, and the goodness of ends, in terms of the pleasure, happiness, or satisfaction, to which they give rise
63
The principle of respect for persons
maintains that humans should not be treated as mere “objects” or as a means to an end.
64
infomation sheet or letter of information
given to people weighing the pros and cons of ressearch - this outlines what it is
65
informed consent
the principle that prospective participants in social research should be given as much information as they need to make a sound decision about whether to participate in a study; a key principle in social research ethics.
66
two difficulties of informed consent
- It’s extremely difficult to give prospective participants absolutely all the information required to make an informed decision about their involvement - In ethnographic research, the researcher is likely to come into contact with a wide spectrum of people, and ensuring that absolutely everyone has the opportunity to give informed consent is not practicable.
67
informed consent can impact
reactive effects
68
_______ is the starting point of respect for persons in social research.
free, informed consent
69
What does the practice of debriefing involve in social research?
Giving participants previously withheld information about the study correct
70
randomized response technique was originally designed for
interview situations for controversial/illegal activities
71
pseudonyms are used to protect_____ ______. what is the issue with qualitative research
peoples identities. qualitative describes the social setting in depth which can give clues to people
72
covert research. what defence is used
investigation in which the people being observed are not informed that they are part of a study. defence: research benefits outweigh any harm that may come to the people being studied. however it is usually avoided as much as possible
73
In the context of social research, justice entails
the burdens and benefits of research should be spread evenly across society
74
Which of the following motivated the development of the randomized response technique?
To protect participants in the event police examine research data and bring researchers into court as witnesses correct
75
Cues picked up by participants that lead them to act in certain ways to avoid ruining the study or to otherwise please the researcher are called
demand characteristics
76
Which of the following is a rule of thumb concerning the use and size of payments for participation in social research
Payment should not exceed the sorts of benefits to which the participants are accustomed
77
what were the issues with the tuskegee study
deception no informed consent nothing was learned
78
what was learned from the shock experiment
50% obeyed commands people listen and trust the authority
79
what research ethics were violated in the shock experiment
deception informed consent violation of participant welfare harm involuntary participation
80
Which of the following is a method used to maintain anonymity of participants
Ethnographic work correct
81
The first priority of social researchers should be
the welfare of research subjects
82
In participant observation projects where participants are aware of the researcher and the project, consent
may be obtained verbally
83
Payment for participation in a study is
unacceptable if the participants are paid for risks they would not otherwise take.

SOCI 313 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions