Ch. 4 - Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions

Question 0

Limiting Reagent

Answer 0

• the reactant that is completely consumed in a chemical reaction and limits the amount of the product

Question 1

Stoichiometry

Answer 1

• the coefficients in a chemical reaction specify the relative amounts in moles of each of the substances involved in the reaction
• the numerical relationships between chemical reactions in a balanced equation

Question 2

Excess Reactant

Answer 2

• any reactant that occurs in a quantity greater than is required to completely react with the limiting reactant

Question 3

Theoretical Yield

Answer 3

• the amount of product that can be made in a chemical reaction based on the amount of limiting reactant

Question 4

Actual Yield

Answer 4

• the amount of product that is actually produced by a chemical reaction

Question 5

Percent Yield

Answer 5

• calculated as: actual yield ➗ theoretical yield ✖ 100%

Question 6

Solution

Answer 6

• a homogeneous mixture of two substances

Question 7

Solvent

Answer 7

• the majority component of the solution mixture

Question 8

Solute

Answer 8

• the minority component of the solution mixture

Question 9

Aqueous Solution

Answer 9

• is one which water acts as the solvent

Question 10

Dilute Solution

Answer 10

• one that contains a small amount of solute relative to the solvent

Question 11

Concentrated Solution

Answer 11

• one that contains a large amount of solute relative to the solvent

Question 12

Molarity

Answer 12

• a common way to express solution concentration

= amount of solute (in mol) ➗ volume of solution (in L)

Question 13

Stock Solutions

Answer 13

• when laboratories store solutions in concentrated forms

Question 14

Electrolytes

Answer 14

• substances that dissolve in water to form solutions that conduct electricity

Question 15

Strong Electrolytes

Answer 15

• substances that completely disassociate with into ions when they dissolve in water

Question 16

Nonelectrolytes

Answer 16

• compounds that do not disassociate into ions when dissolved in water
• resulting solutions do not conducts electricity

Question 17

Strong Acid

Answer 17

• one that completely ionizes in solution

- also strong electrolytes

Question 18

Weak Acids

Answer 18

• they do not completely ionize in water

- also weak electrolyte solutions

Question 19

Soluble

Answer 19

• when a compound dissolves in water

Question 20

Insoluble

Answer 20

• when a compound does not dissolve completely in water

Question 21

Precipitate

Answer 21

• a solid

Question 22

Precipitation Reactions

Answer 22

• ones on which a precipitate forms when we mix two solutions
• very common in chemistry

Question 23

Molecular Equation

Answer 23

• an equation showing the complete neutral formulas for each compound in the reaction as if they existed as molecules

Question 24

Complete Ionic Equations

Answer 24

- equations that list all of the ions present as either reactants or products in a chemical reaction

Question 25

Net Ionic Equations

Answer 25

- equations that show only the species that actually change during the reaction

Question 26

Acid-Base Reaction

Answer 26

- an acid reacts with a base and the two neutralize each other, producing water (or in some cases, a weak electrolyte)

Question 27

Gas-Evolution Reaction

Answer 27

- a gas forms, resulting in bubbling

Question 28

Hydronium Ions

Answer 28

- in solution in which protons normally associate with water molecules

Question 29

Polyprotic Acids

Answer 29

- contain more than one ionizable proton and release them sequentially

Question 30

Diprotic Acid

Answer 30

- strong in its first ionizable proton, but weak in its second

Question 31

Salt

Answer 31

- when an acid-base reaction generally forms water and an ionic compound

Question 32

Titration

Answer 32

- a substance in a solution of known concentration is reacted with another substance in a solution of unknown concentration

Question 33

Equivalence Point

Answer 33

- the point in the titration when the number of moles of OH- equals the number of moles of H+ in solution

Question 34

Indicator

Answer 34

- a dye whose color depends on the acidity or basicity of the solution

Question 35

Oxidation

Answer 35

- the loss of electrons | - an increase in oxidation state

Question 36

Reduction

Answer 36

- the gain of electrons | - a decrease in oxidation state

Question 37

Oxidation State

Answer 37

- a number given to each atom based on the electron assignments - AKA Oxidation Number

Question 38

Oxidizing Agent

Answer 38

- a substance that causes the oxidation of another substance

Question 39

Reducing Agent

Answer 39

- a substance that causes the reduction of another substance

Question 40

Redox Reactions

Answer 40

- any reaction in which there is a change in the oxidation states of atoms in going from reactants to products - the oxidizing agent oxidizes another substance (and is itself reduced) - the reducing agent reduces another substance (and is itself oxidized)