Ch 4: Eukaryotic Microbes

Question 1

What are Eukaryotes?

Answer 1

Complex cells with a nucleus and other organelles

Question 2

What are the types of Eukaryotic microbes?

Answer 2

Fungi, Protists, Multicellular parasites

Question 3

What is endosymbiosis?

Answer 3

Eukaryotic cells evolved by endosymbiosis

• Early eukaryotic cells took up bacterial cells that could produce ATP (mitchondria/ATP)
• Increase in energy production allowed eukaryotes to form complex intracellular organization

Question 4

The theory of endosymbiosis describes the evolution of which two eukaryotic organelles?

Answer 4

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Question 5

Which structure is not found in all eukaryotes?

Answer 5

Flagella

Question 6

What are the characteristics of Eukaryotic Flagellum?

Answer 6

Motility

• 9+2 arrangement of microtubules
• Cells can have more than one
• Found on some types of motile algae and protozoa
• Not found on fungi

Question 7

What are the characteristics of Eukaryotic Cilium?

Answer 7

Translates to “eyelid”

-Similar arrangement as flagella

Question 8

What are Eukaryotic cell walls composed of?

Answer 8

SImple Polysaccharides

• Cellulose (algae)
• Chitin (fungi)

Question 9

What are Sterols?

Answer 9

Eukaryotic cells produce sterols which stabilize cell membranes
-many antifungal agents destabilize the fungal membranes by targeting the sterols

Question 10

The cell wall of fungi is composed of?

Answer 10

Chitin

Question 11

What are the characteristics of the Eukaryotic Nucleus?

Answer 11

• genome consists of loose, unpackaged DNA called chromatin

- nucleolus is the site of large amounts of rRNA synthesis (used for making ribosomes)

Question 12

Eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes. How many chromosomes does yeast have?

Answer 12

Yeast has 16 chromosomes

Question 13

What are the types of cellular reproduction?

Answer 13

Asexual

• mitosis
• budding (yeasts)
• binary fission (some simple protozoa)

Sexual
-meiosis → produces gametes (sex cells)

Question 14

What are the characteristics of Eukaryotic ribosomes?

Answer 14

ribosomes perform translation (protein synthesis)

• ribosomes are present in cytoplasm & RER
• 80S ribosomes (60S + 40S subunits)

Question 15

What are the characteristics of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 15

“rough” (RER)
-contain ribosomes that synthesize membrane proteins and proteins to be secreted

“smooth” (SER)

• lipid synthesis
• vesicles for packaging proteins for transport

Question 16

What are the characteristics of the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 16

• Makes modifications (glycosylation) to proteins that are going to be transported
• Packaging into membrane enclosed vessicles
• Secretion

Question 17

How does phagocytosis work in Eukaryotes?

Answer 17

Microbes are ingested and compartmentalized into phagosomes or vacuoles

Lysozomes produced in Golgi contain enzymes for digesting pathogens

Question 18

What are the mitochondria responsible for?

Answer 18

cellular respiration

Question 19

What is the evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are the result of endosymbiosis?

Answer 19

Lynn Margulis

• contain bacterial DNA and bacterial membranes
• contain bacterial 70S ribosomes
• Self Replicating (binary fission)

Question 20

What is the Eukaryotic Cytoskeleton made up of?

Answer 20

Actin microfliaments and Microtubules

Question 21

What are Pseudopods?

Answer 21

The Eukaryotic cytoskeleton is responsible for shape changes creating pseudopods
-used in phagocytosis and movement

Question 22

What molecules are synthesized in the nucleus?

Answer 22

• DNA
• Messenger RNA
• Ribosomal RNA

Question 23

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

Answer 23

Synthesize proteins that will be embedded in membrane or secreted

Question 24

What are the characteristics of fungi? What are the types of fungi?

Answer 24

Fungi are unicellular yeasts and colonial molds

There are:

1) Saprobes: decomposers
2) Parasites: opportunists

Question 25

What are molds? How are they produced? What are mycelium? What are hyphae?

Answer 25

Colonial Fungi -produced from reproductive spores Mycelium: visible colony surface growth Hyphae: filamentous growth (spore structures)

Question 26

What are yeasts?

Answer 26

Unicellular Fungi -produced from asymmetrical mitosis called BUDDING Strings of buds form PSEUDOHYPHAE giving yeasts a filamentous appearance

Question 27

What are protists? What are the protist pathogens?

Answer 27

Eukaryotes belonging to kingdom protista Algae: plant like and aquatic -unicellular and autorophic (photosynthetic) Protozoa: animal like and aquatic -unicellular and heterotrophic (feeders)

Question 28

What are Harmful Algal Blooms?

Answer 28

aka "red tide" - caused by alage - intoxication not infection - release neurotoxin that is taken up by filter feeders like shellfish - people eat shellfish and ingest the neurotoxin

Question 29

What are the characteristics of protozoa?

Answer 29

found in fresh & marine waters, soil, plants and animals - heterotrophic "feeders" - use phagocytosis and vacuoles to eat Have no Cell Walls -contain ectoplasm outside and endoplasm

Question 30

What is the life cycle of the protozoan?

Answer 30

Trophozoite - Vegetative (feeding) form Encystment - due to poor growth conditions Cyst - similar to endospore but not as resistant Germination - better growth conditions

Question 31

What are the different classifications of protozoa?

Answer 31

Ciliated (Ciliophora) Flagellated (Mastigophora) Amoeboid (Sarcodina) Apicomplexan (Sporozoa)

Question 32

What are multicellular parasites?

Answer 32

parasites that are acquired in microscopic form (eggs, larvae) - parasite acquires nutrients from host - grows and develops into multicellular animal

Question 33

What are the types of multicellular parasites?

Answer 33

Helminthes (two types) Roundworms (nematodes) -hookworm enters thru foot, then bloodstream, then digestive tract Flatworms (cestodes - tapeworm, trematode - fluke) -ingested as eggs or larvae

Question 34

Which microbe reproduces by budding?

Answer 34

yeast

Question 35

Which microbial structure is most functionally similar to a protozoan cyst?

Answer 35

Bacterial endospore