Ch 4- prokaryotes 2

Question 1

difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic PM

Answer 1

both contain phospholipids

euk- contains carbohydrates and sterols (cholesterol), more rigid

Question 2

PM structure

Answer 2

phosopholipids, hydrophilic polar head points outwards, fatty acid points inward (bilayer)

Question 3

2 kinds of proteins in a PM and what they do

Answer 3

integral- for cell transport

peripheral - at inner and outer surfaces of PM. function as enzymes that catalyze reactions, provide support

Question 4

net overall movement of molecules or ions from high conc to low (passive=no energy required)

Answer 4

simple diffusion

Question 5

integral proteins that function as nonspecific or specific transporters to facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across PM (passive=no energy)

Answer 5

facilitated diffusion

Question 6

net movement of solvent molecules (like H2O) across a semipermeable membrane from high to low conc

Answer 6

osmosis

Question 7

integral proteins that function as water channels

Answer 7

aquaporins

Question 8

the nucleoid of the prokaryote is analagous to the what of the eukaryote

Answer 8

nucleus

Question 9

the prokaryote nucleoid differs from the nuclues how

Answer 9

no nuclear envelope (membrane)

Question 10

possible nucleoid shapes

Answer 10

spherical, elongated, dumbbell

Question 11

in addition to bacterial chromosome (in the bacterial nucleoid), they often contain small circular double-stranded DNA molecules called

Answer 11

plasmids

Question 12

why plasmids are beneficial

Answer 12

allow transfer of genes; may carry beneficial genes

Question 13

site of protein synthesis in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 13

ribosomes

Question 14

where ribosomes are located

Answer 14

cytoplasm

Question 15

structure of a ribosome

Answer 15

2 subunits (each consisting of protein and RNA), a small and large subunit

Question 16

difference between eukaryote and prokaryote ribosome

Answer 16

prokaryotic smaller (70s) euk 80s

Question 17

what are Svedberg units

Answer 17

measure how quickly ribosome will descend in a liquid (rate of sedemntation)

Question 18

what are inclusions

Answer 18

different kinds of reserve deposits in cytoplasm(accumulate nutrients when plentiful, use when deficient)

Question 19

metachromatic granules (volutin)

Answer 19

phosphate reserve

Question 20

polysaccharide granules

Answer 20

energy reserves of glycogen and starch (can be seen when dyed w iodine, dyes glycogen)

Question 21

lipid inclusions

Answer 21

energy reserves of lipids

Question 22

sulfur granules

Answer 22

reserves of sulfur (some bacteria derrive energy by oxidizing sulfur, use to make ATP)

Question 23

diseases caused by acid fast bacteria

Answer 23

leprosy, tuberculosis

Question 24

carboxysomes

Answer 24

inclusions that contain enzyme ribulose 1,5-diphosphate; photosynthetic bacteria use for carbon fixation

Question 25

gas vacules

Answer 25

inclusion found in many aquatic prokaryotes, protein covered air bubble used for buoyancy

Question 26

magnetosomes

Answer 26

inclusion containing iron oxide, act as magnets, protect from H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)

Question 27

why do endospores form

Answer 27

survival function, response to adverse environmental conditions like ig essential nutrients are depleted

Question 28

what geni form endospores

Answer 28

Clostridium, bacillus

Question 29

what are endospores

Answer 29

highly durable dehydrated cells w thick walls and additional layers. when released in environment can survive extreme heat, lack of water, toxic chemicals, radiation

Question 30

how endospores are formed

Answer 30

1) a replicated bacterial chromosome and portion of cytoplasm are isolated by an ingrowth of the plasma membrane (spore septum) 2) the PM starts to surround them 3) spore septum surrounds isolated portion, forming forespore (2 membranes now surround) 4) peptideglycan forms between 2 membranes ' 5) spore coat forms 6) endospore released

Question 31

when an endospore returns to vegetative state(triggered by physical or chem damage to coat)

Answer 31

germination

Question 32

what component of an endospore protects the DNA from damage

Answer 32

DPA (diplicolinic acid)

Question 33

importance of endospores in food industry and clinical importance

Answer 33

they are resistant to processes that normally kill vegetative cells (heating, freezing, etc.)

Question 34

eukaryotes: flagella vs cilia

Answer 34

projections few and long. used by Euglena algae: flagella | short and numerous. used by protozoa : cilia

Question 35

difference between eukaryotic cell wall and prokaryotic

Answer 35

eukaryotic dont contain peptidoglycan (cellulose, chitin, etc.) also much chemically simpler than prokaryotic

Question 36

difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic glycocalyx

Answer 36

prok- slime layer or capsule

Question 37

difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic plasma membrane

Answer 37

euk contain sterols and carbohydrates (serve as receptor sites and attachment sites), can use endocytosis (bring large molecules into cell)

Question 38

3 types of endocytosis done by eukaryotes

Answer 38

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 39

difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cytoplasm

Answer 39

euk- have a cytoskeleton (microtubules and microfilaments), cytoplasm moves through cell distributing nutrients (cytoplasmic streaming) also- important enzymes found in organlles rather than in cytoplasm like in prokaryotes

Question 40

difference between prok and euk ribosomes

Answer 40

larger in eukaryotes (60s+40s=80s)

Question 41

difference between free-ribosomes and membrane-bound ribosomes

Answer 41

free-synthesize proteins used inside cell | membrane-bound(PM or endoplasmic reticulum)- synthesize proteins destined for insertion in PM or for export from cell

Question 42

what is the nucleolus/ nucleoli (in eukaryotes)

Answer 42

condensed regoins of chromosomes where RNA is synthesized

Question 43

diff between prok and euk division

Answer 43

euk undergo mitosis and meiosis (prok neither), DNA in form of chromatin coil into chromosomes during nuclear division

Question 44

diff between prok and euk endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 44

prok doesnt have

Question 45

diff between smooth and rough ER

Answer 45

rough-ribosomes, snythesize proteins | smooth- synthesize phospholipids,

Question 46

difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA

Answer 46

prok-single circular chromosome (no histones-proteins found in euk nucleus) euk- multiple linear chromosomes w histones

Question 47

role of euk lysosomes

Answer 47

containt digestive enzymes to breakdown mlcls and digest bactera (Ex: WBCs contain lysosomes)

Question 48

role of eukaryotic vacules

Answer 48

temporary storage, form during endocytosis to bring food into cell, take up water in plant cells to increase size and rigidity

Question 49

role of mitochondria in eukaryotes

Answer 49

atp production ( inner membrane provides large surface area for chem reactions to occur)

Question 50

role of peroxisomes in eukaryotes

Answer 50

uses enzymes to oxidize substances (sometimes toxic) like H2O2

Question 51

role of eukaryotic centrosome

Answer 51

organizing center for mitotic spindle (pericentriolar material), critical role in cell division