Chapter 2 Flashcards by Tori Bulson

Smallest component of a pure substance

Atom

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Interacting atoms (chem bonds) form this, make up living cells

Molecules

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Science of interactions between atoms and molecules

Chemistry

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Atomic # is = to

Proton #

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Atomic weight is = to

P# + N#

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Atoms w identical # of protons, all behave the same way

Element

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A molecule w at least 2 different kinds of atoms

Compound

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The 13 major elements of living organisms

C. HOPKINS Mg CaFe (loves) Na

Charlie Hopkins manages a cafe, loves salt

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Atoms have gained or lost electrons, the attraction between opposite charges is known as

An ionic bond

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sharing of electrons is what kind of bond

Covalent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A hydrogen atom that is bonded covalently to an I or O, is attracted to another O or N

Hydrogen bond

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define an acid

Dissociates into one of more H+ ions and one or more neg ions
H+ donor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define a base

Dissociates into 1 or more pos ions, plus one or more OH-

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The pH scale measures

The amount of H+ in a solution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dissociates in water into cations and anions, doesn’t give H or OH

Salt

NaCl—h2o—> Na + Cl

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Compounds that help keep pH from drastically changing

pH buffers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Part synthesis, part decomposition reaction

Exchange reaction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Building blocks of carbohydrates

Simple sugars ( monosaccharides)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Role of carbohydrates

Major source of energy in living organisms, fuels cell activity (make ATP). Some sugars needed for cell walls

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Structure of simple lipids

3 fatty acids and a glycerol

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Role of lipids

Make up plasma membranes, energy storage (Fat)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Building blocks of proteins

Amino acids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Structural proteins

Make up basic structures (muscles)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Functional proteins

Facilitate metabolic processes (enzymes)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Primary protein structure

Strand of amino acids, peptide bonds “polypeptide strand”

Secondary protein structure

Polypeptide strand curls becoming double helix, or pleated sheets, H bonds added

Tertiary protein structure

Combo of primary and secondary, 3D structure, catalyze reactions, interactions between various side groups (ex : hydrophobic interaction w nonpolar side groups)

Quaternary protein structure

More than 1 tertiary structure. Several folded polypeptide chains (2or more)

Role of nucleic acids

Store genetic info, form atp and other energy carriers

Building blocks of nucleic acids

Nucleotides

What makes up a nucleotide

A nitrogen-containing base, a pentose (5-carbon sugar, deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate group

The nucleus bears an overall _____ charge

Positive (Bc it’s made up of protons and neutrons)

Opposite charges _____ each other (repel or attract)

Attract

Isotopes of an element have the same number of ____ in nucleus, but different number of ______

Different number of neutrons Same number of protons (Same atomic #, different Atomic weight )

16 C 8 What each number represents

``` 16= weight 8= atomic # ```

The 4th 5th and 6th electron shells can hold how many electrons

The inner most electron shell can can hold | The 2nd and 3rd can hold

2 | 8

Why atoms want the outer most electron shell filled

Chemically Stable

What an atoms valence number means

Number of extra or missing electrons in outermost electron shell Extra meaning to become stable should lose, missing meaning empty shells only needs a couple more to become stable

A negatively or positively charged atom (gained or lost electrons) is called

An ion

The strongest and most common type of bond

Covalent

In an H2O molecule, the e tend to be closest to which nucleus

Oxygen

The O in H2O has a slightly _____ charge

Negative charge (Bc e tend to be closer to O nucleus)

2 elements most frequently involved in hydrogen bonding

Oxygen and nitrogen

Weaker versions of these bonds are important in antigen-antibody reactions

Ionic

What is a biochemical reaction

Chemical reaction in a living system

What pH stands for

Potential hydrogen

Each number represents a _____ fold change in concentration

10 fold ( ph of 1 has 10 x more H ions than 2, 100x more than 3 )

How to calculate pH of a solution

-log [ H*]

Most organisms grow best in environments w a ph of

6.5-8.5

When a water molecule is released after a reaction it is called

Dehydration synthesis (or condensation reaction)

Deoxyribose is a _____ that is used in DNA

Sugar (carbohydrate) (pentose)

Examples of monosaccharides (a kind of carbohydrate)

Tetrose (4-carbon sugar), pentode (5-carbon sugar), etc

When 2 monosaccharides bond in a dehydration synthesis

Disaccharides

Disaccharides can be broken down via this reaction

Hydrolysis ( add water)

Ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbs

2:1

Lipids are (polar or nonpolar)

Non : don’t have positive and negative end, insoluble in water

Structure of a fatty acid

Long hydrocarbon (just h and c) chains ending in a carboxyl group -cooh

What makes up a glycerol

3C atoms, 3 hydroxyl groups (-oh)

The number of fatty acid molecules determine if lipid is

Monoglyceride, diglyceride, or tri

Difference between saturated and non saturated fatty acid

Saturated- no double bonds (become solid more easily) | Un- double bonds, create kinks

Structure of complex lipids

A glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group

Complex lipids are also called

Phospholipids

To create a phospholipid bilayer (plasma membrane) phospholipid molecules turn themselves so that

Polar (hydrophilic) parts face water molecules, nonpolar ends (hydrophobic) face inwards

The polar potion of a phospholipid | The nonpolar portion

Polar- phosphate group & glycerol | Non- fatty acid

Enzymes are what kind of macromolecule

Protein

What makes an amino acid

At least 1 carboxyl group (-COOH), one amino group (-NH2), an alpha carbon (in center) , an R group

Difference between A G nucleotides and T C U

AG- double ringed structure (a purine) | T C U- single ringed (pyrimidine)

As ph increases, what increases

OH concentration (more acidic =more H, more basic = more OH)

_____ do best in acidic conditions | _____ do best in alkaline

Fungi | Cyanobacteria (prokaryotes)

What makes polysaccharides different from mono and disaccharides

Lack sweetness, usually not soluble in water

Chitin (of a fungal cell wall) is made of

Polysaccharides

Living cells are mostly composed of

Proteins

Other functions of proteins besides functional and structural

Integral parts of cell structures, hormones (regulatory functions)

For every peptide bond formed between amino acids, ___ is released

H2O (dehydration synthesis)

A polypeptide refers to how many amino acids peptide bound

10-2000