FINAL

Question 1

proper format for scientific name of organisms

Answer 1

Genus + species

(Staphlococcus aureus) underlined or italicized

Question 2

who developed cell theory after looking at a slice of cork

Answer 2

robert Hooke

Question 3

who first observed cells

Answer 3

robert hooke

Question 4

who created the biogenesis theory (theory that all life comes from preexisting life) challenging the idea of spontaneous generation

Answer 4

Virchow

Question 5

who establised biogenesis theory as fact via their broth flask experiment

Answer 5

Pasteur

Question 6

whos discovery formed the basis for aseptic technique, what did his flask experiment show?

Answer 6

pasteur

showed that air caries microbes

Question 7

who discovered the first antibiotic penicillin by accidentally contaminating a bacterial culture w mold

Answer 7

Flemming

Question 8

who established experimental steps for directly linking a specific microbe to a specific disease

Answer 8

Koch

Question 9

who developed the germ theory of disease

Answer 9

Koch

Question 10

bond in which electrons are shared

Answer 10

covalent

Question 11

bond in which atoms that have gained and lost electrons are attracted to each other

Answer 11

ionic

Question 12

what is a hydrogen bond

Answer 12

hydrogen atom bonded covalently to an I or N atom, is attracted to another O or N, weak

Question 13

building blocks of carbohydrates

Answer 13

monosaccharides (simple sugars)

Question 14

role of carbohydrates

Answer 14

major source of energy in living organisms, fuels cell activity (make ATP), some sugars needed for cell walls

Question 15

function of lipids

Answer 15

make up plasma membranes , energy storage (fat)

Question 16

structure of simple lipids

Answer 16

3 fatty acids and a glycerol

Question 17

building blocks of proteins

Answer 17

amino acids

Question 18

structural v functional proteins

Answer 18

struc.=make up basic structures (muscles)

functional= facilitate metabolic processes (enzymes)

Question 19

primary protein structure

Answer 19

strand of amino acids (polypeptide strand)

Question 20

secondary proteins structure

Answer 20

polypeptide strand curls, forming double helix or pleated sheets, H bonds added

Question 21

tertiary protein structure

Answer 21

combo of primary and secondary, 3D structure formed by interactions of various side groups, catalyzes reactions

Question 22

quaternary protein structure

Answer 22

more than 1 tertiary structure, several folded polypeptide chains

Question 23

role of nucleic acids

Answer 23

store genetic info, form atp

Question 24

building blocks of nucleic acids

Answer 24

nucleotides

Question 25

what makes up a nucleotide

Answer 25

a nitrogen containing base(C,G,A,T), a pentose (deoxyribose), a phosphate

Question 26

list steps in gram stain and purpose of each

Answer 26

1) crystal violet (primary stain) 2) iodine (mordant) 3) alcohol wash (decolorizer) 4) safranin (counterstain)

Question 27

differences between gram pos and neg cell wall

Answer 27

pos- thick peptidoglycan layer, techoic and lipotechoic acids neg- outer lipid membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer, inner lipid membrane

Question 28

components of gram neg outer PM

Answer 28

lipoolysaccarides (lipid A, a core polysach., and an O polysach.), lipoproteins, phospholipids

Question 29

which part of gram neg outer PM acts as endotoxin

Answer 29

Lipid A

Question 30

what are endospores

Answer 30

highly durable dehydrated cells w thick walls

Question 31

steps in endospore formation

Answer 31

1) spore spetum begins isolating replicated dna and a portion of cytoplasm 2) PMstarts to surround DNA 3) spore setum surrounds isolated portion forming forespore w twomembranes 4) peptidoglycan layer forms between 2 membranes 5) spore coat forms, released

Question 32

define substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 32

substate has P attached, energy transfered w P (phos group) ADP-> ATP

Question 33

define oxidative phosorylation

Answer 33

energy from transferring e- (oxidation) used in e- transport chain to make ATP

Question 34

define photophosphorylation

Answer 34

light causes chlorophyll to give up e-, passed along e- transport chain-> energy used to make ATP

Question 35

where oxidative phos. electron transport chain occurs

Answer 35

in PM of prokaryotes, in mitochondrial inner membrane of euk

Question 36

define competative inhibition

Answer 36

inhibitor binds to part of enzyme active site, blocks substrate (shape similia to that of substrate enzyme acts on)

Question 37

define noncompetative inhibition

Answer 37

enzyme has 2nd site alled the "allosteric site", inhibitor binds causing a cascade effect, changes conformation, active site changes shape

Question 38

why oxygen is toxic to many organisms

Answer 38

powerful oxidizer (strips e-), there was no O2 on earth for the first 2 bill yrs (had to evolve ability to produce catalase and superoxide dismutase

Question 39

obligate aerobes and obligate anaerobes

Answer 39

O2 required | only anaerobic resp.

Question 40

what are facultative anaerobes

Answer 40

prefer O2, if w/o can switch to anaerobic resp.

Question 41

what are aerotolerant anaerobes

Answer 41

only anaerobic but continue in presence of O2

Question 42

what are microaerophiles

Answer 42

only aerobic, cant tolerate too much or too little O2

Question 43

how a biofilm begins

Answer 43

a free-swimming planktonic bacteria attaches to a surface

Question 44

how biofilms avoid lack of nutrients at lower depths and buildup of toxic wastes

Answer 44

pillar-like structures with channels carry water w incoming nutrients or outgoing waste

Question 45

__% of human bacterial infections involve biofilms

Answer 45

70

Question 46

most nosocomial infections caused by

Answer 46

biofilms on catheters

Question 47

biofilms cause what kind of infections

Answer 47

chronic

Question 48

biofilms are about ___x more resistant to microbicides

Answer 48

1000x