Ch. 4 Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 1

Listen of the major difference between prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Answer 1

Prokaryotes; pre-nucleus one chromosome not in a membrane no histones no organelles Peptidoglycan cell wallI’m binary fission

Eukaryotes True nucleus pair chromosomes in nuclear membrane contains histones organelles polysaccharides cell wall miotic spindle and mitosis

Question 2

Describe binary fission how does this term relate to bacterial growth

Answer 2

Binary fission is the process that bacteria carries out the cell division (prokaryotic organisms)

Similar to the cell cycle and eukaryotic organisms

Question 3

Coccus

Answer 3

Sphere

Found in clusters chains singles and pairs

Question 4

Bacillus

Answer 4

Rod shaped found in single pair and chain

Question 5

Spirochete

Answer 5

Long twisted coil bacteria

Question 6

***Spiral bacteria

Answer 6

Comes in 3 forms

Question 7

Vibrio

Answer 7

Curved shaped coma / rod

Question 8

Stella

Answer 8

Star shaped

Question 9

Haloarcula

Answer 9

Square

Question 10

Diplococcus

Answer 10

Cocci in pairs

Question 11

Streptococcus

Answer 11

Cocci in chain

Question 12

Streptobacillus

Answer 12

Bacillus in chain

Question 13

Diplobacillus

Answer 13

Bacillus in pairs

Question 14

Staphylococcus

Answer 14

Cocci in clusters

Question 15

Pleomorphic

Answer 15

Having many shapes and characteristics

Question 16

Monomorphic

Answer 16

Having a single shape

Question 17

Why do bacteria have a cell wall ?

Answer 17

Helps maintain shape and integrity provides protection and prevents the cell from bursting (lysis) restraints absorption. made up of disaccharides amino acids Peptidoglycan

Question 18

What molecule makes up the major component of the cell wall

Answer 18

Peptidoglycan Polymers of disaccharides NAG and NAM (logs) tied with (ropes) peptide chains

Question 19

Describe the structural difference between gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls as it relates to Peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, and the outer membrane

Answer 19

Gram positive: Peptidoglycan thick, teichoic acid positive, thick outside wall

Gram negative : Peptidoglycan thin, teichoic acid negative, cell wall and outer membrane (provides more protection makes them more resistant to antibiotics)

Question 20

What is the function of teichoic acids

Answer 20

Helps attach to the host cell. Regulate movement into and out of cell wall in gram-positive only. gives overall charge of negative to the cell

Question 21

Describe the cell wall as it relates to mycoplasmas and archaea

Answer 21

Mycoplasma: smallest bacteria and lacks cell wall

Archaea: Have cell wall but lack peptidoglycan but have pseudo Peptidoglycan

Question 22

Differentiate between protoplast, shpereoplast, and L form

Answer 22

Protoplast: wall less gram positive cell

Spheroplast: wall less gram negative cell
* both susceptible to osmotic lysis

L form: wall less cells that swell into irregular shape

Question 23

What chemicals target the cell wall for destruction and how do they work?

Answer 23

Lysozyme: digest disaccharides in Peptidoglycan

Penicillin: inhibits peptide bridge in Peptidoglycan

Question 24

Where is the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer found on the gram negative cell?

Answer 24

On the outside

Question 25

Why is LPS called endotoxins?

Answer 25

Lipid a is an endotoxin released from cell when dead it makes you feel more sick before you get better

Question 26

What is the name of the genus of bacteria that are acid fast

Answer 26

Mycobacterium

Question 27

What is the name of the substance found only in acid-fast bacteria that accounts for this unique property

Answer 27

Mycolic acid

Question 28

Plasma membrane describe the structure composition and function

Answer 28

Phospholipid bilayer peripherals and integral protein | Function controls what goes in and out selective permeability

Question 29

Why is the membrane referred to as the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 29

Two layers of phospholipids that are in sheets with HydroPhilic and hydrophobic ends

Question 30

What chemicals target the sun membrane for destruction

Answer 30

Alcohol detergents antibiotics all cause leakage

Question 31

What is the structure and function of flagella in bacteria

Answer 31

Outside Cell wall attached to proteins hook whip like structure that allows cells to move anchored to the wall and membrane basil body

Question 32

Name and describe the different flagella arrangements

Answer 32

Monotrichours: o> Amphitrichous:<0> Lophotrichous:0= Peritrichous:0*

Question 33

Differentiate between flagella and axial filaments

Answer 33

Axial filaments our internal flagella can only in Spirochetes . flagella is external

Question 34

Fimbriae and pili What is the function of both and how are the structure is different

Answer 34

Fimbriae: Short and allows for attachment Pili: Long and transfers DNA from one cell to another

Question 35

Capsules and glycocalyx What is the function and chemical composition

Answer 35

Capsule made from peptidoglycan function to prevent phagocytosis Glycocalyx Outside cell wall sticky an organized lose made of sugar and proteins provides protective coat from host

Question 36

Why are bacteria said to have a nuclear or nucleoid region instead of a true nucleus

Answer 36

Nucleus house DNA in eukaryotes nucleotides contain the genetic material of prokaryotic’s in cytoplasm usually consist of a single chromosome

Question 37

What is the function of ribosomes how does the size of the structures difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 37

Function protein synthesis Prokaryotes three r RNA 30 S 50 S Eukaryotic 4 r RNA 40 S 60 S

Question 38

2 common genra of bacteria form endospores what are they and what is the function of spores

Answer 38

Bacillus and clostridium Dormant highly resistant sell that preserves genetic material in high stress environment

Question 39

Movement across membranes simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion how are these process is similar and different

Answer 39

Simple diffusion movement from high concentration to low concentration no energy is needed Facilitated diffusion high concentration to low concentration no ATP needed but transport protein is needed

Question 40

What is osmosis

Answer 40

Movement of water across the membrane from high concentration to low concentration

Question 41

Describe the term isotonic hypertonic hypertonic and explain the effects of each environment on the cell

Answer 41

Isotonic water concentration same outside as inside cell Hypotonic water concentration outside cell is higher than inside the causes lysis or bursting of the cell Hyper tonic water concentration outside saw is lower than inside cell Causes cell to shrivel

Question 42

What is active transport

Answer 42

Movement from low to high concentration substance requires transport proteins and ATP

Question 43

What is a group translocation

Answer 43

Substance requires transport protein and PEP a special type of active transport example hundred dollar bill need to break

Question 44

What is endocytosis and exocytosis

Answer 44

Endocytosis: engulfing from outside cell membrane bringing into Cell Exocytosis: releasing contents to outside of the cell wall

Question 45

The cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells contain reserve deposits known as inclusions provide examples

Answer 45

Phosphate reserves energy reserves energy waste gas vacuoles

Question 46

Describe Endo symbiosis what to organelles in eukaryotic cells are believed to have a evolved from prokaryotes

Answer 46

Endo symbiosis is when one species is living with another species. Mitochondria and chloroplasts because they have a double membranes and contain genetic material

Question 47

Cytoplasm

Answer 47

Substance inside plasma and outside nucleus

Question 48

Ribosome

Answer 48

Protein synthesis not membrane-bound

Question 49

Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 49

Transport network

Question 50

Lysosomes

Answer 50

Digestive enzyme

Question 51

Vacuous

Answer 51

Bring food and to sell and provide support

Question 52

Mitochondrion

Answer 52

Cellular respiration

Question 53

Chloroplast

Answer 53

Photosynthesis

Question 54

Centrioles

Answer 54

Miotic spindle formation

Question 55

Centrosomes

Answer 55

Consist of protein fibers in centrioles

Question 56

Golgi complex

Answer 56

Membrane formation and secretion