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Microbiology > Ch. 4 Prokaryotes and eukaryotes > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Prokaryotes and eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Listen of the major difference between prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes; pre-nucleus one chromosome not in a membrane no histones no organelles Peptidoglycan cell wallI’m binary fission

Eukaryotes True nucleus pair chromosomes in nuclear membrane contains histones organelles polysaccharides cell wall miotic spindle and mitosis

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2
Q

Describe binary fission how does this term relate to bacterial growth

A

Binary fission is the process that bacteria carries out the cell division (prokaryotic organisms)

Similar to the cell cycle and eukaryotic organisms

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3
Q

Coccus

A

Sphere

Found in clusters chains singles and pairs

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4
Q

Bacillus

A

Rod shaped found in single pair and chain

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5
Q

Spirochete

A

Long twisted coil bacteria

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6
Q

***Spiral bacteria

A

Comes in 3 forms

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7
Q

Vibrio

A

Curved shaped coma / rod

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8
Q

Stella

A

Star shaped

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9
Q

Haloarcula

A

Square

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10
Q

Diplococcus

A

Cocci in pairs

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11
Q

Streptococcus

A

Cocci in chain

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12
Q

Streptobacillus

A

Bacillus in chain

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13
Q

Diplobacillus

A

Bacillus in pairs

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14
Q

Staphylococcus

A

Cocci in clusters

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15
Q

Pleomorphic

A

Having many shapes and characteristics

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16
Q

Monomorphic

A

Having a single shape

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17
Q

Why do bacteria have a cell wall ?

A

Helps maintain shape and integrity provides protection and prevents the cell from bursting (lysis) restraints absorption. made up of disaccharides amino acids Peptidoglycan

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18
Q

What molecule makes up the major component of the cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan Polymers of disaccharides NAG and NAM (logs) tied with (ropes) peptide chains

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19
Q

Describe the structural difference between gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls as it relates to Peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, and the outer membrane

A

Gram positive: Peptidoglycan thick, teichoic acid positive, thick outside wall

Gram negative : Peptidoglycan thin, teichoic acid negative, cell wall and outer membrane (provides more protection makes them more resistant to antibiotics)

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20
Q

What is the function of teichoic acids

A

Helps attach to the host cell. Regulate movement into and out of cell wall in gram-positive only. gives overall charge of negative to the cell

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21
Q

Describe the cell wall as it relates to mycoplasmas and archaea

A

Mycoplasma: smallest bacteria and lacks cell wall

Archaea: Have cell wall but lack peptidoglycan but have pseudo Peptidoglycan

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22
Q

Differentiate between protoplast, shpereoplast, and L form

A

Protoplast: wall less gram positive cell

Spheroplast: wall less gram negative cell
* both susceptible to osmotic lysis

L form: wall less cells that swell into irregular shape

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23
Q

What chemicals target the cell wall for destruction and how do they work?

A

Lysozyme: digest disaccharides in Peptidoglycan

Penicillin: inhibits peptide bridge in Peptidoglycan

24
Q

Where is the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer found on the gram negative cell?

A

On the outside

25
Q

Why is LPS called endotoxins?

A

Lipid a is an endotoxin released from cell when dead it makes you feel more sick before you get better

26
Q

What is the name of the genus of bacteria that are acid fast

A

Mycobacterium

27
Q

What is the name of the substance found only in acid-fast bacteria that accounts for this unique property

A

Mycolic acid

28
Q

Plasma membrane describe the structure composition and function

A

Phospholipid bilayer peripherals and integral protein

Function controls what goes in and out selective permeability

29
Q

Why is the membrane referred to as the phospholipid bilayer

A

Two layers of phospholipids that are in sheets with HydroPhilic and hydrophobic ends

30
Q

What chemicals target the sun membrane for destruction

A

Alcohol detergents antibiotics all cause leakage

31
Q

What is the structure and function of flagella in bacteria

A

Outside Cell wall attached to proteins hook whip like structure that allows cells to move anchored to the wall and membrane basil body

32
Q

Name and describe the different flagella arrangements

A

Monotrichours: o>

Amphitrichous:<0>

Lophotrichous:0=

Peritrichous:0*

33
Q

Differentiate between flagella and axial filaments

A

Axial filaments our internal flagella can only in Spirochetes .

flagella is external

34
Q

Fimbriae and pili What is the function of both and how are the structure is different

A

Fimbriae: Short and allows for attachment

Pili: Long and transfers DNA from one cell to another

35
Q

Capsules and glycocalyx What is the function and chemical composition

A

Capsule made from peptidoglycan function to prevent phagocytosis

Glycocalyx Outside cell wall sticky an organized lose made of sugar and proteins provides protective coat from host

36
Q

Why are bacteria said to have a nuclear or nucleoid region instead of a true nucleus

A

Nucleus house DNA in eukaryotes

nucleotides contain the genetic material of prokaryotic’s in cytoplasm usually consist of a single chromosome

37
Q

What is the function of ribosomes how does the size of the structures difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Function protein synthesis

Prokaryotes three r RNA 30 S 50 S

Eukaryotic 4 r RNA 40 S 60 S

38
Q

2 common genra of bacteria form endospores what are they and what is the function of spores

A

Bacillus and clostridium Dormant highly resistant sell that preserves genetic material in high stress environment

39
Q

Movement across membranes simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion how are these process is similar and different

A

Simple diffusion movement from high concentration to low concentration no energy is needed

Facilitated diffusion high concentration to low concentration no ATP needed but transport protein is needed

40
Q

What is osmosis

A

Movement of water across the membrane from high concentration to low concentration

41
Q

Describe the term isotonic hypertonic hypertonic and explain the effects of each environment on the cell

A

Isotonic water concentration same outside as inside cell

Hypotonic water concentration outside cell is higher than inside the causes lysis or bursting of the cell

Hyper tonic water concentration outside saw is lower than inside cell Causes cell to shrivel

42
Q

What is active transport

A

Movement from low to high concentration substance requires transport proteins and ATP

43
Q

What is a group translocation

A

Substance requires transport protein and PEP a special type of active transport example hundred dollar bill need to break

44
Q

What is endocytosis and exocytosis

A

Endocytosis: engulfing from outside cell membrane bringing into Cell

Exocytosis: releasing contents to outside of the cell wall

45
Q

The cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells contain reserve deposits known as inclusions provide examples

A

Phosphate reserves energy reserves energy waste gas vacuoles

46
Q

Describe Endo symbiosis what to organelles in eukaryotic cells are believed to have a evolved from prokaryotes

A

Endo symbiosis is when one species is living with another species.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts because they have a double membranes and contain genetic material

47
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Substance inside plasma and outside nucleus

48
Q

Ribosome

A

Protein synthesis not membrane-bound

49
Q

Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Transport network

50
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digestive enzyme

51
Q

Vacuous

A

Bring food and to sell and provide support

52
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Cellular respiration

53
Q

Chloroplast

A

Photosynthesis

54
Q

Centrioles

A

Miotic spindle formation

55
Q

Centrosomes

A

Consist of protein fibers in centrioles

56
Q

Golgi complex

A

Membrane formation and secretion

Microbiology (5 decks)

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