CH 4: Properties of Connective Tissue

Question 1

What is the amount of movement available to a joint moving within its anatomical range?

Answer 1

ROM

Question 2

What results from shortened muscles that may lead to faulty postural alignment, which may lead to injury and joint dysfunction?

Answer 2

Muscular imbalances

Question 3

What may results from muscular imbalances from shortened muscles?

Answer 3

Postural alignment, injury, joint dysfunction

Question 4

What are the benefits of flexibility and stretching?

Answer 4

• Improves balance
• Easier to strength and endurance train
• Injury prevention
• Quicker recovery from workouts
• Reduces postexercise soreness
• Facilitates relaxation

Question 5

What are the building blocks of protein?

Answer 5

Amino acids

Question 6

What the building blocks of collagen?

Answer 6

Tropocollagen

Question 7

What are made of short subunits (fibrils) and are found in varying amounts within different connective tissues?

Answer 7

Collagen

Question 8

What are types of connective tissues?

Answer 8

• Bone
• Tendon
• Muscle
• Skin
• Hyaline Cartilage
• Joint Capsule

Question 9

What is a protein building block of connective tissue?

Answer 9

Collagen

Question 10

What provides strength needed to withstand high levels of tension and force during movement and exercise?

Answer 10

Collagen

Question 11

What type of collagen is the most abundant in the body?

Answer 11

Type I

Question 12

What type of collagen fibers are thick and have the ability to resist pulling?

Answer 12

Type I

Question 13

What type of collagen fibers display very little elongation when placed under tension?

Answer 13

Type I

Question 14

What type of collagen fibers is thinner an has less tensile strength?

Answer 14

Type II

Question 15

What type of collagen fibers are primarily found in articular cartilage (at end of bones) and nucleus pulposus (vertebral disk)?

Answer 15

Type II

Question 16

What type of collagen fibers serves mainly in structural support capacity?

Answer 16

Type III

Question 17

What type of collagen fibers is found in expansible organs (arteries, liver, lungs)?

Answer 17

Type III

Question 18

What type of collagen fibers is common in fast growing or healing tissue and is often seen at easy stages of wound repair?

Answer 18

Type III

Question 19

What type of collagen fibers replaces type III collagen in wound repair and is tougher?

Answer 19

Type I

Question 20

What is a structural protein present in tendons in amounts of less than 1%?

Answer 20

Elastin

Question 21

What assists collagen in recovery of tissues after stress (initial loading of the tissue)?

Answer 21

Elastin

Question 22

Tissues with greater amounts of elastin typically result in?

Answer 22

More flexibility

Question 23

What is recorded in force/area?

Answer 23

Stress/Load

Question 24

What is directly related to the magnitude of force an inversely related to the unit area but is independent of the amount of material?

Answer 24

Stress/Load

Question 25

What is another name for strain?

Answer 25

Deformation

Question 26

What is usually dimensionless because the units of measure cancel out each other, but units are often provided?

Answer 26

Strain/Deformation

Question 27

What factors affect the relationship of stress/load and strain/deformation?

Answer 27

- Material properties used - Magnitude of stresses - Rate of stress application

Question 28

What represents how a slightly pulled tissue (ligament) produces only a small amount of tension within the tissue?

Answer 28

Toe region

Question 29

What indicates that the collagen fibers within the tissue must first be pulled taut before stress can be induced?

Answer 29

Toe region

Question 30

What does the minimal amount of tension in the toe region result in?

Answer 30

The slack of tissue being taken up with no stretch being encountered

Question 31

What represents a linear change in strain which occurs if tissue continues to be pulled at higher stress levels?

Answer 31

Elastic region

Question 32

What is defined as the change in force per unit change in length?

Answer 32

Stiffness

Question 33

What occurs when tissues are stiffer?

Answer 33

The steeper (more vertical) the slope

Question 34

What are tissues with less stiffness considered?

Answer 34

More compliant

Question 35

What is the point where an increasing level of stress on the tissue results in proportionately increased changes in tissue length (result of a microscopic failure of tissue)?

Answer 35

Plastic region

Question 36

What region does the slope begin to flatten in the stress-strain relationship?

Answer 36

Plastic region

Question 37

What is termed because of tissue damage resulting in permanent deformation (plastic deformation)?

Answer 37

Plastic zone

Question 38

What is not recoverable in its entirely when the load is removed resulting in a change in its resting length with the stress-strain relationship?

Answer 38

Plastic energy

Question 39

Continued stretch in the plastic region results in?

Answer 39

Initial point of failure

Question 40

The toe region can include strains up to?

Answer 40

3%

Question 41

The elastic region can include strains up to?

Answer 41

6-10%

Question 42

The plastic region can include strains up to?

Answer 42

10-15%

Question 43

What part of the stress-strain relationship occurs when a load is applied then returns to normal when the load is removed?

Answer 43

Elastic zone

Question 44

What is the intensity of internal force?

Answer 44

Stress/load

Question 45

What can be compressive, shear, or tensile?

Answer 45

Stress/load

Question 46

What equals the change in length or original length of a tissue?

Answer 46

Strain/deformation

Question 47

What is the relative measure of deformation of a body as a result of loading?

Answer 47

Strain/deformation

Question 48

What is the stress or strain behavior that is time rate dependent?

Answer 48

Viscoelasticity

Question 49

What refers to the ability of a material to return to its original state following strain/deformation (change in length or shape) after a removal of stress/load?

Answer 49

Elasticity

Question 50

What term is associated with a rubberband (rapidly conforms to new length and returns to original resting state when stress/load removes)?

Answer 50

Elastic deformation

Question 51

What refers to the ability of a material to resist a change in form or to dampen/lessen shearing forces?

Answer 51

Viscosity

Question 52

What is equivalent to slow-pouring molasses?

Answer 52

Viscosity

Question 53

What has time-dependent properties?

Answer 53

Viscoelasticity

Question 54

What stress rate has greater amounts of strain or elongation?

Answer 54

Slow

Question 55

What is sensitive to the applied force duration?

Answer 55

Viscoelastic materials

Question 56

What type of stress should be applied to gradually lengthen tissues?

Answer 56

Constant/repeated stress of long duration

Question 57

What simply means the gradual increase in tissue length that occurs when maintaining a constant stress or force?

Answer 57

Creep

Question 58

When are creep changes more pronounced?

Answer 58

Slow-velocity stretching

Question 59

What type of deformation favors high-force, short-duration stretching?

Answer 59

Elastic tissue deformation

Question 60

What type of deformation favors low-force, long-duration stretching?

Answer 60

Plastic tissue deformation

Question 61

What occurs when a longer duration of applied force is applied to the tissue?

Answer 61

Greater the deformation or stretching

Question 62

What occurs when a viscoelastic material experiences a constant strain (no deformation occurs)?

Answer 62

Stress-relaxation (force-relaxation)

Question 63

What occurs when high initial stress is placed on a tissue decreases over time until equilibrium is reached and stress equals zero resulting in relaxation of tissue; no change in length is produced?

Answer 63

Stress-relaxation (force relaxation)

Question 64

What occurs when a muscle is help at a certain length over time, a reduction in stress would occur, but there would be no change in length (no stretch occurs)?

Answer 64

Stress-relaxation (force relaxation)

Question 65

What results in a gradual increase in tissue length?

Answer 65

Creep

Question 66

What occurs when the longer the duration of the applied force, the greater the deformation or stretching of tissue?

Answer 66

Creep

Question 67

What term is associated with a spoon snapping?

Answer 67

Plastic deformation

Question 68

What term occurs when a low degree of stress is applied and will slowly deform to accommodate to new shape, but if stress is suddenly applied with great force, it will break?

Answer 68

Plastic deformation

Question 69

What is the ability of tissues to return to their previous resting state but does not imply that permanent elongation or microscopic damage has not occurred?

Answer 69

Recovery

Question 70

What is force dependent on slow rates of stress and is used to describe permanent change in a tissue?

Answer 70

Plastic deformation

Question 71

What is produced with increasing levels of stress?

Answer 71

Increase in collagen within ligaments and tendons

Question 72

What occurs by decreasing the level of stress?

Answer 72

Weakening connective tissues

Question 73

What is the discrepancy between the mechanical energy used to perform tissue stretch and the energy needed to return the tissue to its original shape?

Answer 73

Hysteresis

Question 74

What types of temperature increases rate of creep?

Answer 74

High temperatures

Question 75

What is the therapeutic limit of heat?

Answer 75

45*C (113*F)

Question 76

What is the range of temps that increase rate of creep?

Answer 76

37-40*C (98.6-104*F)

Question 77

What occurs to the tissue when it reaches the therapeutic limit?

Answer 77

The greater degree of deformation/elongation before tissue failure

Question 78

How do you produce creep with a connective tissue structure with heat?

Answer 78

Heat it, use a large load over a long period of time

Question 79

What occurs to connective tissues at high temps?

Answer 79

Less microscopic damage under stress