Ch 5: general muscle biology

Question 1

What is physical activity intended to increase muscle strength and mass?

Answer 1

Strength training

Question 2

Maintained, enhancing, and regaining strength are critical for?

Answer 2

Improving body function during all phases for recovery

Question 3

What is any form of active exercise in which a dynamic or static muscle contraction is resisted by an outside force, applied either manually or mechanically?

Answer 3

Resistance exercise

Question 4

What is resistance training that is applied in a systemic or individualized manner designed to improve, restore, or enhance physical function?

Answer 4

Therapeutic exercise

Question 5

What are the factors that strength of tension-generating capacity of a muscle?

Answer 5

• Neural control
• Cross sectional area
• Muscle fiber arrangement
• Muscle length
• Angle of pull
• Fiber type distribution
• Energy stores of muscle
• Recovery from exercise
• Fatigue
• Age
• Gender
• State of health of muscle

Question 6

The body of an individual muscle is surrounded by noncontractile connective tissue called?

Answer 6

Epimysium

Question 7

With the muscles are bundles of fibers called

Answer 7

Fasciculi

Question 8

Noncontractile tissue surround fasciculi

Answer 8

Perimysium

Question 9

What is a noncontractile connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber?

Answer 9

Endomysium

Question 10

Individual muscle fibers are composed of?

Answer 10

Myofibrils (parallel to each other)

Question 11

What are the structural components of myofibrils called?

Answer 11

Myofilaments

Question 12

What proteins are myofilaments composed of?

Answer 12

Myosin and actin

Question 13

What is the functional/contractile unit of a muscle fiber cell:

Answer 13

Sarcomere

Question 14

What is a thick protein actively involved with the muscular contractions which involves a complex and highly structured series of chemical and mechanical events?

Answer 14

Myosin

Question 15

What is a thin protein actively involved with the muscular contraction which involves a complex and high structured series of chemical and mechanical events?

Answer 15

Actin

Question 16

Explain the breakdown of muscular contraction

Answer 16

• Neurological stimulus to contract a muscle releases acetylcholine
• Initates release of calcium
• Calcium ions bond with troponin and tropomyosin (actin filament proteins)
• ATP reacts with ATPase producing energy so myosin and actin can slide past each other
• Results in generating tension and producing contraction of muscle

Question 17

What muscle fiber is type I?

Answer 17

Slow twitch

Question 18

What muscle fiber is red oxidative?

Answer 18

Slow twitch

Question 19

What muscle fiber possesses relatively large and numerous mitochondria, triglycerides, and oxidative enzymes to allow for aerobic work?

Answer 19

Slow twitch

Question 20

Which muscle fiber is aerobic?

Answer 20

Slow twitch

Question 21

Which muscle fiber has relatively low myosin-ATPase and glycolytic activity as well as slower calcium handing ability and shortening speed?

Answer 21

Slow twitch

Question 22

What muscle fiber is specialized for muscular endurance?

Answer 22

Slow Twitch

Question 23

What muscle fiber contract slowly but are highly efficient for prolonged aerobic events

Answer 23

Slow twitch

Question 24

What muscle fiber is type II?

Answer 24

Fast twitch

Question 25

What muscle fiber is white glycolytic?

Answer 25

Fast twitch

Question 26

What muscle fiber is anaerobic?

Answer 26

Fast twitch

Question 27

What muscle fibers are not vascular?

Answer 27

Fast twitch

Question 28

What muscle fibers fire/contract at a higher speed and with more force?

Answer 28

Fast twitch

Question 29

What muscle fibers have high levels of myosin-ATPase, which provides energy for speed of contraction and tension?

Answer 29

Fast twitch

Question 30

What muscle fibers have low myoglobin content and very few mitochondria?

Answer 30

Fast twitch

Question 31

What muscle fibers are larger in diameter?

Answer 31

Fast twitch

Question 32

What muscle fibers are mainly used for speed, strength and power?

Answer 32

Fast twitch

Question 33

What muscle fiber has a fast contraction speed and moderate capacity for energy transfer from aerobic and anaerobic sources?

Answer 33

Type IIA (fast-oxidative-glycolytic)

Question 34

What muscle fiber possesses the greatest anaerobic capacity and the fastest shortening speed?

Answer 34

Type IIB (fast-glycolytic)

Question 35

What muscle fiber is rare and undifferentiated and may contribute to reinnervation and motor unit transformation?

Answer 35

Type IIAB

Question 36

What is the basic unit of movement?

Answer 36

Motor unit

Question 37

What consists of the anterior motor neuron and all muscle fibers that innervates it?

Answer 37

Motor unit

Question 38

What contains only one specific muscle fiber type?

Answer 38

Motor unit

Question 39

What is the adding of motor units to increase force?

Answer 39

Motor unit recruitment

Question 40

What proposes an orderly recruitment of motor units within a motor neuron pool during a defined movement task?

Answer 40

Henneman size principle

Question 41

When a low force is needed, what muscle fibers activate?

Answer 41

Slow twitch (Type I)

Question 42

What is the orderly recruitment of muscle fibers during contraction?

Answer 42

- Slow Twitch (Type I) - Fast Twitch (Type II) - Fast twitch A - Fast twitch AB - Fast twitch B