Ch 42

Question 1

______-the study of an organism’s physical structure.

Answer 1

Anatomy

Question 2

_____-the study of how the physical structures in an organism function.

Answer 2

Physiology

Question 3

______-heritable traits that allow individuals to survive and reproduce in a certain environment better than those who lack that trait.

Answer 3

Adaptations

Question 4

____-____-are inescapable compromises between traits.

Answer 4

Trade-offs

Question 5

Common trade-off between ______ function and ______ function.

Answer 5

Immune / reproductive

Question 6

_____- short-term, reversible responses to environmental fluctuations
The ability to do this is an adaptation

Answer 6

accliatization

Question 7

If a structure found in an animal is adaptive, it is common to observe that the structure’s size, shape, or composition correlates closely with its _______

Answer 7

Function

Question 8

If a mutant allele alters the size or shape of a structure in a way that it makes its function more efficient, then the allele will ______ in frequency in the population over time.

Answer 8

Increase

Question 9

_____- a group of cells that functions as a unit.

Answer 9

Tissue

Question 10

4 types of tissue:

1) _______
2) _________
3) _________
4) _________

Answer 10

Connective, nervous, muscular, epithelial

Question 11

_______ tissue- consists of cells that are loosely arranged in liquid, jellylike, or solid matrix. The matrix comprises extracellulrfibersand other materials and is secreted by _______ tissue themselves.
Each type of _______ tissue secretes a distinct type of extracellular matrix based on its nature.

Answer 11

Connective (x3)

Question 12

_______ connective tissue- contains an aray of fibrous proteins in a soft matrix and serves as a packing material betwen organs.
Reticular- in the lymphoid organs
Adipose-fat tissue

Answer 12

Loose

Question 13

_______ connective tissue- found in tendons and ligaments that connect muscles, bones and organs. Dominated by tough collagen fibers.

Answer 13

Dense

Question 14

_______ connective tissue- has firm extracellular matrix. Provides structural support and protective enclosures.
-Bone/Cartalige

Answer 14

Supporting

Question 15

______ connective tissue- consists of cells surrounded by liquid extracellular matrix.
-Blood

Answer 15

Fluid

Question 16

______ tissue- consists of nerve cells called neurons, and other supporting cells. Transmit electrical signals.
Supporting cells regulate ion concentration in space surrounding neurons, and provide neurons nutrients.

Answer 16

Nervous

Question 17

________ muscular tissue- attaches to bones of skeleton and allows for movement

Answer 17

Skeletal

Question 18

________ muscular tissue- makes up walls of heart and pumps blood.

Answer 18

Cardiac

Question 19

________ muscular tissue- cells which are tapered at each end and form muscle tissue that line walls of digestive tract and blood vessels.

Answer 19

Smooth

Question 20

_______ tissue- covers outside of body and lines the surface of organs, and forms glands.

Answer 20

Epithelial

Question 21

______-structure that serves specialized function and consists of several tissues.

Answer 21

Organ

Question 22

______- an organ that secretes specific molecules or solutions such as hormones or digestive enzymes.

Answer 22

Gland

Question 23

Water,nutrients, and other substances are transported, often selectively, across _______

Answer 23

Epithelia

Question 24

Epithelium have an ______ side, which faces away from other tissues and toward the environment, and a ______ side, which faces the interior of the animal and connects to connective tissue. Both sides have distinct structures and functions.

Answer 24

Apical/Basolateral

Question 25

The basolateral connection is made by a layer of fibers called the ___ ______

Answer 25

bassal lamina

Question 26

______ ______-consists of groups of tissues and organs that work together to perform one or more functions.

Answer 26

Organ System

Question 27

The organism as a whole is ______ than the sum of its parts

Answer 27

greater

Question 28

______ tissue, ______ tissue, and ________ tissue can undergo mitosis. ______ tissue cannot undergo mitosis.

Answer 28

Connective/muscular/ epithelial/ | Nervous.

Question 29

Law of gravity affects ______

Answer 29

size

Question 30

rate of diffusion is based on _______

Answer 30

Surface Area

Question 31

rate of nutrient use is based on ________

Answer 31

Volume

Question 32

As an animal's size increases, ______ increases faster.

Answer 32

Volume

Question 33

___ (oxygen consumption) is based on surface area

Answer 33

BMR

Question 34

____, ______ and _____ all increase surface area.

Answer 34

Folding/Flattening/Branching

Question 35

The ______ the organism, the larger the Surface Area/Volume ratio. The ______ the organism, the smaller the Surface Area/Volume ratio.

Answer 35

Smaller/ | Larger

Question 36

______ ____ is the overall rate of energy consumption by an individual.

Answer 36

Metabolic rate.

Question 37

___ is the rate at which an animal consumes oxygen while at rest with an empty stomach, and under normal temperature and moisture.

Answer 37

BMR

Question 38

______ animals have higher relative BMR than ______ animals.

Answer 38

Small/Large.

Question 39

Larger organisms must have its mass-specific metabolic rate _______. Otherwise the surface area available for exchange of materials would fail to keep up with the metabolic demands generated by the organism's enzymes.

Answer 39

Decrease.

Question 40

_______ is the chemical and physical stability of an organism's internal environment.

Answer 40

Homeostasis

Question 41

2 Types of Homeostsis: 1) _________-Changing body to external environment's conditions. 2) _________-Changing internal state to keep it within limits that can be tolerated despite external variance.

Answer 41

Conformation/ | Regulatory

Question 42

The ______ is responsible for forming an internal environment that can be dramatically different from external environment.

Answer 42

Epithelium

Question 43

Most enzymes function best under fairly ______ range of conditions.

Answer 43

Narrow

Question 44

_____ _______- a normal or target range of values fr the controlled variable.

Answer 44

Set Points

Question 45

3 Components of Homeostasis: 1) ______-senses aspect of external or internal environment. 2) _____-evaluates incoming sensory information and decides if response is necessary. 3) ______-any structure that helps restore the desirable internal environment.

Answer 45

Sensor Integrator Effector

Question 46

Homeostasis is based on the mechanism of _________ ________

Answer 46

Negative feedback

Question 47

______ ______-the effector reduces or opposes the change in internal conditions.

Answer 47

Negative Feedback

Question 48

Heat flows from regions of _______ temperature to ______ temperature.

Answer 48

High/Low

Question 49

______-direct transfer of heat between 2 solid objects.

Answer 49

Conduction.

Question 50

_______-transfer of heat between a solid and moving gas or liquid.

Answer 50

Convection.

Question 51

______-is the transfer of heat between 2 objects that are not in direct physical contact.

Answer 51

Radiation.

Question 52

______-phase change that occurs when liquid becomes gas and can only be heat loss.

Answer 52

Evaporation.

Question 53

_________-the controlling of body temperature.

Answer 53

Thermoregulaion

Question 54

An _______ produces adequate heat to warm its own tissue.

Answer 54

Endotherm

Question 55

An _______ relies principally on heat gained from the environment.

Answer 55

Ectoherm

Question 56

A _______ keeps its body temperature constant.

Answer 56

Homeotherm

Question 57

A _______ allows its body temperature to rise or fall depending on the environment.

Answer 57

Heterotherm

Question 58

_______ is the reduction of metabolic rate to allow body temperature to drop. When this persists for long periods of time, it is called ________

Answer 58

Torpor/ | Hibernation

Question 59

The ______ region in the brain acts as an integrator for changes in blood temperature.

Answer 59

Hypothalmus

Question 60

______-______ ______ speed the refolding of proteins, a key step in the recovery process.

Answer 60

Heat-shock proteins

Question 61

______ is common in feedback system because there are usually several ways to change a parameter.

Answer 61

Redundancy

Question 62

Feedback systems usually work in "_____ _____", where one set of responses increases a parameter while a corresponding set of responses decreases it.

Answer 62

Antagonistic Pair

Question 63

Feedback systems are _______ making fine adjustments relative to the set point.

Answer 63

Constantly

Question 64

_______-_____ _____ helps minimize heat loss from limbs through the intricately arranged blood vessels. The arteries run anti-parallel to the veins which allows the warm blood from the arteries to warm the cold blood from the veins.

Answer 64

Counter-current exchanger

Question 65

Small differences in heat along the length of an ________ sums up to create a large overall temperature gradient from beginning to end. I.E. the ______ the system, the greater the overall difference.

Answer 65

Exchanger/Longer