Ch 43

Question 1

An _______ is a compound that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.

Answer 1

Electrolytes.

Question 2

The most abundant electrolytes are ______, ________, ________, and ________

Answer 2

Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Calcium

Question 3

_____ is the net movement of substances from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration

Answer 3

Diffusion

Question 4

_______ is a special case of diffusion. It is the net movement of water from regions of higher water concentration to regions of lower water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.

Answer 4

Osmosis

Question 5

A membrane that is ______ ______ is a membrane that some solutes can cross more easily than other solutes.

Answer 5

Selectively Permeable

Question 6

Diffusion of ions occurs along their ________ ________

Answer 6

Concentration Gradient

Question 7

The concentration of dissolved substances in a solution, measured in osmoles per liter, is the solution’s __________

Answer 7

Osmolarity

Question 8

_____ _____ occurs when the concentration of dissolved substances in a cell or tissue is abnormal

Answer 8

Osmotic Stress

Question 9

__________ is the process by which living organisms control he concentration of water and electrolytes.

Answer 9

Osmoregulation

Question 10

__________ are organisms that conform to their ionic and osmotic environment.

Answer 10

Osmoconformers

Question 11

If an organism’s environment is _______ this means solute concentrations inside and outside the animals is equal.

Answer 11

Isosmotic

Question 12

_________ are organisms that actively regulate osmolarity inside their bodies to achieve homeostasis.

Answer 12

Osmoregulators

Question 13

An _________ solution is a solution that is higher in concentration than its environment.

Answer 13

Hyperosmotic (Hypertonic)

Question 14

An __________ solution is a solution that is lower in concentration than its environment.

Answer 14

Hyposmotic (Hypotonic)

Question 15

______ ______ is diffusion along an electrochemical gradient and does not require energy

Answer 15

Passive Transport

Question 16

_______ ______ occurs when energy powers the movement of a solute to establish an electrochemical gradient

Answer 16

Active Transport

Question 17

_______ are proteins that form a pore or opening that selectively admits specific ions or molecules.

Answer 17

Channels

Question 18

_______ _______ are transmembrane proteins that bind a specific ion or molecule and transport it across the membrane by undergoing a conformational change.

Answer 18

Carrier Proteins

Question 19

When solutes move from high concentration to low concentration via channels or carrier proteins _______ ________ is occurring.

Answer 19

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 20

______ _______ __________ is where a source of energy is used to move ions against their gradients.

Answer 20

Primary Active Transport

Question 21

________ _________ _________ is what happens after primary active transport has established an electrochemical gradient.

Answer 21

Secondary Active Transport

Question 22

A _________ can use the energy stored in an electrochemical gradient across a cell membrane to transport a different solute against its electrochemical gradient.

Answer 22

Cotransporter

Question 23

a ________ is a cotransporter that moves solutes in the same direction.

Answer 23

Symporter

Question 24

A ______ is a cotransporter that moves solutes in the opposite directions.

Answer 24

Antiporter

Question 25

The channels that water uses to cross membranes are called __________

Answer 25

Aquaporins

Question 26

The result of broken down nucleic and amino acids is ______

Answer 26

Ammonia

Question 27

In fish ammonia is _____ to low _______ and excreted in watery urine.

Answer 27

diluted/concentration

Question 28

In freshwater and marine fish, ammonia diffuses across the ____ into the surrounding water

Answer 28

Gills

Question 29

In mamals and adult amphibians, ______-________ reactions convert ammonia to _____ which is excreted in urine.

Answer 29

Enzyme-Catalyzed/ Urea

Question 30

In arthropods, birds, and other reptiles, reactions convert ammonia to _____ ________.

Answer 30

Uric Acid

Question 31

The type of nitrogenous waste produced correlates with its ________

Answer 31

Lineage

Question 32

Waste production is also related to the _______ that a species occupies and thus the amount of osmotic stress it endures.

Answer 32

Habitat

Question 33

There is a fitness ______-__ between the energetic cost of excreting each type of waste and the benefit of conserving water.

Answer 33

Trade-off

Question 34

______ excretion requires a large water loss but low energy cost

Answer 34

Ammonia

Question 35

______ ______ excretion requires no water loss but requires a high energy loss.

Answer 35

Uric acid

Question 36

Marine bony fish are ________ which means they regulate their internal water and ion concentration.

Answer 36

Osmoregulator

Question 37

Sharks are ________ which means their blood osmolarity nearly matches their environment.

Answer 37

Osmoconformer

Question 38

Plants and animal cells use ______ ______ to set up a strong electrochemical gradient for one ion- typically sodium in animals and hydrogen in plants. The sodium or Hydrogen gradient is then used to transport a wide array of other substances without further ________ expenditure.

Answer 38

Active trasport/ | Energy

Question 39

Sharks' ______ _____ secretes concentrated salt solutions.

Answer 39

Rectal Gland

Question 40

Shark Salt Excretion: 1) _________ is pumped out of the epithelial cells into extracellular fluid. 2) ________ _________ and ______ all enter cell by secondary active transport. 3) As ____ builds up it diffuses down its concentration gradient into the lumen of the rectal gland. through the apical membrane. 4) Following their gradient ______ diffuse into the lumen of the gland.

Answer 40

Sodium/ Sodium/Potassium/Chlorine/ Chlorine/ Sodium/

Question 41

In many animals, ________ cells that transport sodium and chloride ions contain the same combination of membrane proteins found in the shark rectal gland.

Answer 41

Epithelial

Question 42

Osmoregulatroy cells may be in ________ locations.

Answer 42

Different

Question 43

__________ forms of sodium/potassium-ATPase may be activated.

Answer 43

Different

Question 44

The _________ of key transport proteins flip

Answer 44

Orientation

Question 45

Salt water fish use a ______ ___ to expell salt from their cells.

Answer 45

Chloride cell

Question 46

Freshwater fish use a _______ ____ to import salt from the water.

Answer 46

Chloride Cell

Question 47

Desert Insects maintain water and electrolyte balance by _______ water loss from their body surface, and regulate the amount of ____ and ______ excreted in their urine and feces.

Answer 47

Minimizing/ | water/electrolytes

Question 48

Arthropods have an extensive system of tubes called ______ which connects to the atmosphere at openings called ______.

Answer 48

Tracheae/Spiracles

Question 49

The ability of arthropods to close their _______ is an important adaptation for minimizing water loss during respiration.

Answer 49

Spiracles

Question 50

In arthropods, the nitrogen-containing polysaccharide called ______ and layers of ____ with a layer of _______ are all called a cuticle.

Answer 50

Chitin/Protein/Wax

Question 51

An arthropod's _______ layer is an adaptation that minimizes evaporative water loss.

Answer 51

Cuticle

Question 52

Insects must also regulate the composition of blood-like fluid called ________ that is pumped by the heart and transports electrolytes, nutrients, and wast products.

Answer 52

Hemlymph

Question 53

To maintain water and electrolyte balance, insects rely on excretory organs called ________ _____ and on their _________, which is the posterior portion of their digestive tract.

Answer 53

Malpighian Tubules/ Hindgut

Question 54

The Malpighian tubules have a large ________ _____, and are in direct contact with the hemolymph and empty into the hindgut.

Answer 54

Surface Area

Question 55

The __________ ______ are responsible for forming a filtrate from hemolymph. This "pre-urine" then passes into the ______ where it is processed and modified before excretion.

Answer 55

Malpighian Tubules/ hindgut

Question 56

If an arthropod is osmotically stressed due to lack of electrolytes and water, then electrolytes and water is reabsorbed in the ______ and returned to the __________.

Answer 56

hindgut/hemolymph

Question 57

Principles of Water and Electrolyte Regulation: 1) Water moves only by ________ it is not pumped directly 2) Filtrate formation is not particularly ________ 3) Reabsorption is highly _______ 4) Reabsorption is tightly __________

Answer 57

Osmosis Selective Selective Regulated

Question 58

In terrestrial organisms the key organ of osmoregulation occurs primarily in the ________

Answer 58

Kidneys

Question 59

In mammals, nitrogenous waste is brought to the kidneys via the blood in the ______ ____. The cleaned blood is then transported in the _____ ________

Answer 59

Renal Artery/ Renal Vein

Question 60

Urine forms in the kidney and is transported to the storage site called the ________ via a long tube called the _______. From there it is transported and excreted through the ________

Answer 60

Bladder/Ureter/Urethra

Question 61

Most of the kidney's mass is made up of small structures called ______ which is the basic functional unit of the kidney and is involved in maintaining water and electrolyte balance.

Answer 61

Nephron

Question 62

Most nephrons are located in the outer region of the kidney called the _________. However, some nephrons extend from this region, into the kidney's inner region called the ________

Answer 62

Cortex/Medulla

Question 63

Principles of Mammalian Kidney: 1) Water cannot be transported _______, only through osmosis 2) To move water, cells in the kidney must set up strong ________ _______ 3) By regulating ________ _______ and ________ _______ proteins, kidney cells have precise control over water and electrolyte retention or loss

Answer 63

Actively Osmotic Gradients Osmotic Gradients/ specific channel

Question 64

The 5 Major Regions of the Nephron: 1) The _____ _____ filters blood, forming a filtrate of "pre-urine" consisting of ions, nutrients, wastes, and water. 2) The _____ _____ has epithelial cells that reabsorb nutrients, valuable ions, and water from the filtrate into the blood stream. 3) The ______ of _____ establishes a strong osmotic gradient in the interstitial fluid surrounding it, with osmolarity increasing as you descend in the region. 4) The _____ ____ reabsorbs ions and water in a regulated manner. 5) The ____ _____ reabsorbs more water and urea leaves the base of the region.

Answer 64

``` Renal Corpuscle Proximal Tubule Loop of Henle Distal Tubule Collecting Duct ```

Question 65

The blood vessels associated with the _______ play a key role in bringing "dirty" blood into the _______ and then taking away the molecules and ions that are then reabsorbed from the initial filtrate

Answer 65

nephron/nephron

Question 66

In terrestrial vertabrates, urine formation begins in the ________ _________

Answer 66

Renal Corpuscle

Question 67

The ________ ___________ is half of the renal corpuscle that surrounds the other part called the ________ which is a cluster of capillaries.

Answer 67

Bowman's Capsule/ Glomerulus

Question 68

The renal corpuscle acts as a ________ device. It allows water and small solutes from the blood to pass through the pores in the ________ ________.

Answer 68

Filtration/ Bowman's Capsule

Question 69

The renal Corpuscle filtrates on a ____-________ basis with blood pressure supplying the force required to perform the filtration.

Answer 69

Size-Selective

Question 70

After passing through the Bowman's Capsule, the filtrate enters the ________ _________ which has a series of prominent small projections called ______ that expand the surface area and aid in absorption.

Answer 70

Proximal Tubule/ Microvilli

Question 71

Mechanism of Ion/Water Movement is Driven a "Master Gradient" 1) ______ is removed from the basolateral membrane from the interior of the cell via active trasport. 2) The gradient then allows for symporters to import _____ and _______ into the cell from the Proxiamal Tubule 3) Those solutes then diffuse across the basolateral membrane into the interstitial fluid and then into ___ ______ 4) ______ then follows these solutes back into the blood vessels via osmosis.

Answer 71

Sodium Nutrients/Ions Blood vessels Water

Question 72

The filtration in the renal corpuscle is based on ______; whereas the reabsorption step in the proximal tubule _______ reabsorbs nutrients, ions, and water.

Answer 72

Size/Selectively

Question 73

As the filtrate flows into the ____ of _____ it has a _______ concentration of waste and _____ concentration of nutrients.

Answer 73

Loop of Henle/ High/ Low

Question 74

After exiting the Proximal Tubule, the filtrate enters the ______ of _____

Answer 74

Loop of Henle

Question 75

The _______of _____ sets up an osmotic gradient based on the substances: ________, ________, and ________

Answer 75

Loop of Henle/ Sodium/ Chloride/ Urea

Question 76

Fluid flows down the _______ _______ of the Loop of Henle and water is lost into the interstitial fluid via passive osmotic gradient.

Answer 76

Descending Limb

Question 77

The fluid loses Sodium and Chloride in the ______ ________ _______

Answer 77

Thin Ascending Limb

Question 78

Additional Sodium and Chloride is absorbed in the ____ ________ ______

Answer 78

Thick Ascending Limb

Question 79

_____ passively leaves the Descending Limb which increases the osmolarity, and then Sodium and Chloride is passively transported out of the ______ _______ _____ due to the high concentration created from the initial absorption in the Descending Limb. Then ________ and _______ are actively pumped out of the Thick Ascending Limb

Answer 79

Water/ Thin Ascending Limb/ Sodium and Chloride

Question 80

Water and ions in the interstitial fluid are diffused into the _____ _______, a network of blood vessels that run along the loop of henle.

Answer 80

Vasa Recta

Question 81

______ is the solute that is responsible for the steep osmotic gradient in the space around the nephron.

Answer 81

Urea

Question 82

The activity in the _______ _______ and _______ ______ is highly regulated and is altered in response to osmotic stress

Answer 82

Distal Tubule/ Collection Duct

Question 83

Changes in the Distal Tubule and Collection Duct are influenced by _________, signaling molecules.

Answer 83

Hormones

Question 84

If sodium levels in the blood are low, the adrenal glands release the hormone ________ which leads to reabsorption of sodium and water.

Answer 84

Aldosterone

Question 85

Aldosterone saves _________ and _______

Answer 85

Sodium and Water

Question 86

If the organism is dehydrated, _______ ________ is released which is a vasopressin and saves water.

Answer 86

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH_

Question 87

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), saves ________

Answer 87

Water

Question 88

ADH triggers the insertion of ________ into the apical membrane allowing water to be reabsorbed

Answer 88

Aquaporins

Question 89

ADH increases permeability of ______ which is reabsorbed into the surrounding fluid thus creating a concentration gradient favoring _______ reabsorption.

Answer 89

Urea/ Water

Question 90

In reptiles, ureters empty isosmotic urine into the ____, a cavity into which the urinary, gastrointestinal, and reproductive tracts all empty. They then absorb water into the bloodstream through the wall of this region.

Answer 90

Cloaca