Ch 44 Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
Organisms need 2 things:
1) ________________________________________
2) _______________________________________
A
Chemical enegy for synthesizing ATP/
Carbon-containing compounds for building macromolucules
2
Q
A _________ is a substance that organism needs to remain alive.
A
Nutrient
3
Q
____ is any substance that contains nutrients.
A
Food
4
Q
____ and ____ provide 4kcal/g; whereas, ___ provides 9kcal/g.
A
Protein and Carbs/ Fat
5
Q
__________ ______ are nutrients that cannot be synthesized and must be obtained from diet.
A
Essential Nutrients
6
Q
There are 8 amino acids that cannot be synthesized and must be obtained from food. They are called ______ _____ ________
A
Essential Amino Acids
7
Q
______ are organic compounds that are vital for health but are required in minute amounts.
A
Vitamins
8
Q
________ are inorganic substances used as components of enzyme cofactors or for structural use.
A
Minerals
9
Q
______ are mineral ions that influence osmotic balance and are required for normal membrane function.
A
Electrolytes
10
Q
______ _______ filter small organisms or bits of organic debris from water by means of cilia, mucus-lined “nets”, or other structures.
A
Suspension Feeders
11
Q
______ _______ swallow sediment and other types of deposited material rich in organic matter.
A
Deposit Feeders
12
Q
______ _______ suck or lap up fluids.
A
Fluid Feeders
13
Q
_______ _______ are the majority of animals. They seize and manipulate chunks of food by using mouth-parts such as jaws and teeth.
A
Mass Feeder
14
Q
Mammals chew their food and swallow distinct packets or ______
A
Boluses
15
Q
The diversification of ____ _____ in mammals has allowed mammals to exploit a wide range of foods.
A
Tooth Shape
16
Q
_________ ________ is the diversification of a single ancestral lineage into many species, each of which lives in a different habitat or employs a distinct feeding method.
A
Adaptive Radiation
17
Q
______ is the process of bringing food into the digestive tract.
A
Ingestion
18
Q
_______ is the breakdown of food.
A
Digestion.
19
Q
_______ is the uptake of specific ions and molecules across the membrane of the digestive tract
A
Absorbtion
20
Q
_____ ______ ______ have a single opening that doubles as the location where food is ingested and wastes are eliminated.
A
Incomplete Digestive Tracts
21
Q
____ _______ ____ have two openings: a mouth and an anus.
A
Complete Digestive Tracts
22
Q
A tubelike digestive tract has 3 advantages:
1) It allows animals to feed on _______ pieces of food, which expands the range of food sources
2) Different chemicals and physical process occur ________ in a prescribed sequence.
3) ___-____ ______ of food and wastes creates an uninterrupted digestion and ingestion which mean no alternating from waste removal.
A
Large
Independently
One-way flow
23
Q
_____ in the _______ begin the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates
A
Enzymes/Saliva
24
Q
Breakdown of _______ first occurs in the stomach
A
Proteins
25
Chemical processing of carbs, proteins, and fats is completed in the _____ _________ where the nutrients are absorbed along with water.
Small Intestines
26
In the ______ ______, more water is absorbed and the remaining material is excreted as feces.
Large Intestines
27
_______ _____ is the enzyme responsible for starch digestion in the mouth. It cleaves bonds to release maltose from starch and glycogen.
Salivary Amylase
28
_______ ______ begins the digestion of lipids by breaking down triglycerides into diglycerides and fatty acids
Lingual Lipase
29
_______ ________ in the mouth produce amylase and also release water and glycoproteins called mucins.
Salivary Glands
30
When ______, a glycoprotein released by the salivary glands, contact water, they form mucus.
Mucins
31
The combination of _____ and _____ allow food to become slippery enough to swallow.
Water and Mucus
32
______ is a muscular tube that connects the mouth and stomach.
Esophagus
33
______ is a wave of muscular contractions that propel food down the esophagus.
Peristalsis
34
The prominent widened segment of bird's esophagus where food can be stored and sometimes processed is called the _____
Crop
35
The ______ is a tough, muscular pouch in the digestive tract, bracketed on both ends by ring-like muscles called ________ which control the passage of material.
Stomach/ Sphincter
36
The _______ has two functions: the churning of food into a uniform consistency and solute concentration, and the breakdown of proteins.
Stomach
37
_______ is the enzyme in the stomach that is responsible for digesting proteins.
Pepsin
38
______ is stored in chief cells and then becomes active pepsin when in contact with an acidic environment.
Pepsinogen
39
The secretion of _____ in inactive form is important because it prevents protein destruction in cells.
Pepsin
40
_______ _____ in the pits of the stomach lining are the source of the HCl in gastric juice.
Parietal Cells
41
____ ___ secrete additional mucus that is found in gastric juices. This mucus lines the gastric epithelium and protects cells from being damaged by HCL.
Mucus Cells
42
_______ _______ is found in parietal cells and catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water.
Carbonic Anhydrase
43
Protons formed in the parietal cells via carbonic acid dissociation are pumped into the lumen of the stomach via ____ _______
Active Transport
44
The pumping of chloride and protons into the lumen of the stomach works as follows:
1) Carbonic acid dissociates and ____ are pumped into the body while the ________ is pumped out.
2) Via a antiporter, _______ enters the parietal cell and is then travels through a channel into the lumen.
Protons/Bicarbonate
| Chloride
45
An _______ is an eroded area in an epithelium.
Ulcer
46
A ________ is a stomach specializing in digesting cellulose not proteins.
Ruminant
47
________ is a relationship in which members of two different species live in close contact with each other.
Symbiosis
48
Ruminant Digestion:
1) Food enters the large chamber called the ______ where symbiotic bacteria/protists with an enzyme called ______, capable of breaking down cellulose yielding glucose which is fermented into ATP for themselves and fatty acids which are absorbed by the ruminant.
2) The ________ has a similar function as the chamber before it.
3) In the _______, water and minerals are absorbed
4) In the ________, the ruminant has its own digesive enzymes and acts as a real stomach.
Rumen/Cellulase
Reticulum
Omasum
Aomasum
49
Most of a ruminant's food consists of ______ ____ and other compounds produced as waste products of fermentation, and the _____ ______
Fatty Acids/ Symbiotic cells
50
The avian _____ has sand and stones lodged in it that act to pulverize their food.
Gizzard
51
The ________ ___________ is a long tube where partially digested food mixes with secretions from the pancreas and liver and were digestion is completed and most nutrients and a lot of water is absorbed.
Small intestines
52
The small intestines have projections called ______ that in turn have __________ which project into the lumen of the digestive tract and increase surface area.
Villi/Microvilli
53
The surface area of the small intestines increases the efficiency of nutrient absorption and because each villus contains ________ ________ and a ______ _______ called a lacteal, nutrients pass quickly from epithelial cells into the blood/lymphatic systems
Blood vessels/ Lymphatic Vessel
54
The acidic environment of the stomach destroys the ______ and ______ structures of proteins.
Tertiary and Secondary
55
________ cleaves the peptide bonds next to certain amino acids, reducing long polypeptides into small chains of amino acids.
Pepsin
56
In the ____ _______, protein digestion is completed.
Small intestine
57
The small intestine contains _______, protein digesting enzymes, that digest polypeptide chains into amino acid monomers.
Proteases
58
The proteases in the small intestines are synthesizes in inactive form in the ________ which connects to the small intestine via the _______ ______
Pancreas/Pancreatic Duct
59
The enzyme _________ activates the enzyme ________ which then activates other protein digesting enzymes. Both enzymes are produced in the pancreas and are transported to the upper reaches of the small intestine.
Enterokinase/Trypsin
60
A ______ is a chemical messenger tat influences physiological processes at very low concentrations
Hormone
61
________ is a hormone produced by the small intestine in response to the arrival of food and induces a flow of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas to the small intestine.
Secretin
62
_______ is another hormone produced by the small intestine that induces secretion of digestive enzymes by the liver, gallbladder and pancreas, that aid in processing lipids.
Cholecystokinin
63
Stomach cells produce the hormone _________ that cause parietal cells to produce HCl
Gastrin
64
The pancreas also produces _______ and ______ ________that continue digestion.
Nucleases/ Pancreatic amylase
65
________ is produced by the pancreas and digests RNA and DNA
Nucleases
66
_____ _________ is produced by the pancreas and continues the digestion of carbohydrates.
Pancreatic amylase
67
Principles of Carb/Protein Absorption:
1) It is highly ______
2) it is ______, meaning it requires ATP
Selective
| Active
68
________ absorption requires the presence of an electrocheical gradient favoring an influx of sodium.
Glucose
69
3 Step model for glucose absorption:
1) Creation of electrochemical gradient that favors entry of ______ through the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells.
2) ________ from digested food enters the cell with the ______ via a synporter in the apical membrane.
3) ______ diffuses into the nearby blood vessels through a carrier in the basolateral membrane
Sodium
Glucose/Sodium
Glucose
70
Pancreatic secretions act on ____, _____, and _____
Fats, Proteins, and Carbs
71
The enzyme ______ ______ in the pancreas, breaks down certain bonds present in complex fats and results in the release of fatty acids and small lipds.
Pancreatic Lipase
72
In the small intestine, _______ results from the action of small moleules called bile salts which break down fats.
Emulsificaion
73
_____ _____ cause emulsification in the small intestines
Bile salts
74
The _____ synthesizes bile salts and secreates bile.
Liver
75
The ________ stores bile.
Gallbladder
76
_____ raises the pH in the small intestines, breaking down fats into globules allowing pancreatic lipase to digest them.
Bile
77
Monoglycerides and fatty acids released by lipase activity enter small intestine epithelial cells via simple diffusion and are processed into protein-coated globules called ___________ which move via exocytosis into lacteals
Chylomicrons
78
Digested fats enter ____, lymphatic vessels, which transport the digested fats into lymph vessels which merge with veins. This is so that the digested fat doesn't clog small blood vessels.
Lacteals
79
When solutes are absorbed in the small intestine, so is _____
Water
80
The primary function of the ____ ______ is to compact the wastes and absorb water.
Large Intestines
81
The _____ is the main section of the large intestine.
Colon
82
Feces are held in the _____ which is the final part of the large intestine.
Recum
83
The large intestine also as symbiotic microorganisms that digest _______ and also produce _____ _
Cellulose/ Vitamin K
84
The ___ and ____ of the large intestines vary dramatically among animals.
Size and Function
85
The _____ is a blind sac at the proximal end of the large intestine and digests cellulose.
Cecum
86
The _____ is a vestigial (unimportant or non-needed) organ attached to the cecum that is a haven for microorganisms.
Appendix
87
______ is the process of eating excrement and absorbing even more nutrients.
Coprophagy
88
The _____ is a portion of the large intestines that holds both uric acid and excrement.
Cloaca
89
The illness ____ _____ experience abnormally high levels of glucose.
Diabetes Mellitus
90
____ is a hormone secreted by the pancreas when blood glucose levels are too high.
Insulin
91
Cells that have _____ ____ increase their rate of glucose uptake and processing.
Insulin Receptors
92
Insulin stimulates cells in the ____ and ____ _____ to import glucose form the blood and synthesize glycogen from glucose monomers.
Liver and Skeletal Muscles
93
The pancreas excretes a hormone called _____ when blood glucose levels are too low.
Glycagon
94
Cells in the liver catabolize glycogen and produce glucose via ______________
gluconeogenesis
95
_____ and ______ interact to form a negative feedback system capable of achieving homeostasis with respect to glucose concentrations in the blood.
Insulin and Glycagon
96
Type _ Diabetes mellitus do not synthesize sufficient insulin.
Type _ Diabetes mellitus are resistant to insulin because it does not effectively activate its receptor in target cells.
1
| 2
97
___ is found in dairy products, and green vegetables and is used for bone and tooth formation, nerve signaling, and muscle response.
Calcium
98
_____ is found in salt, vegetables and seafood and is used for fluid balance in cells, protein digestion, and acid-base balance.
Chloride
99
_____ is found in seafood and is used for maintenance of tooth structure.
Floride
100
____ is found in salt, algae, and seafood, and is a component of thyroid hormones
Iodine
101
_____ is found in meats, eggs, whole grains, and leafy greens, and acts as an enzyme co-factor, and the synthesis of hemoglobin
Iron
102
_____ is found in whole grains and leafy greens and is an enzyme cofactor
Magnesium
103
____ is found in dairy products, meats, and grains, and is used for bone/tooth formation and synthesis of ATP and nucleotides.
Phosphorus
104
______ is found in dairy, meat, nuts, fruits, potatoes and is used for nerve signaling, muscle response, and acid-base balance
Potassium
105
_____ is found in salt and seafood and is involved in nerve signaling, muscle response, and blood pressure regulation
Sodium
106
______ is found in any source of protein and is used for amino acid synthesis.
Sulfur
107
_____ __ is found in whole grains, potatos and peanuts and is used for the formation of coenzyme in the citric acid cycle.
Vitamin B1
108
______ __ is found in meat, eggs, dairy, and is used for coenzyme in the sythesis of proteins and nucleic acids and in formation of red blood cells
Vitamin B12
109
______ is found in meats and whole grain, and is a componen of coenzymes NAD and NADP
Niacin
110
_____ is found in greens, nuts, oranges, grains and is used for coenzme in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism
Folate
111
______ _ is found in citrus fruits, tomatoes, green peppers and is used in collagen synthesis prevents oxidation of cell components and improves the absorption of iron.
Vitamin C
112
_____ _ is found in fortified milk, egg yolk, and synthesized by skin exposed to sunlight and aids absorption of calcium and phosphorus in small intestine
Vitamin D
