Ch. 5 Flashcards
(22 cards)
foraging
all humans wer forages 10,000 years ago; people in Europe during the ice-age were big hunters.
______ _______ hunt and gather plants
Tropical foragers
People rely on _____ to make a living
nature
__________ __________ and plant _________ began 10,000 to 12,000 years ago ( ______ ______)
animal domestication; cultivation; middle east
Men _____ and _____ while women usually ______ and ______.
hunt and fish; collect and gather
Foragers make ______ ______ based on ____
social distinctions; age
Cultivation; 3 adaptive strategies based on _____ production in non-industrialized societies are ___________, _______________, and ___________.
Horticulture; agriculture, and pastorilism
horticulture
civilization w/ the use of simple tools such as hoes and digging sticks to grow crops; “slash and burn” technique.
horticulture: shifting cultivation
agricultural system where plots of land are cultivated temporarily, they’re abandoned and allowed to revert to their natural vegetation.
Agriculture: Domesticated Animals
use animals as means of production; attach animals to plows for field preparation.
Agriculture: Irrigation
Many water fields w/ canals from rivers; irrigation makes it possible to cultivate plot year after year.
Agriculture: Terracing
if they planted on hillsides, the rain washed it away; has to figure out how to stop it- step fields were created
Agriculture: Costs and Benefits
must have human labor to build and maintain irrigation systems, terraces, and other works; a single field has its owners year after year, no need to reserve land like horticultures.
Agriculture: Intensification- People and the Environment
live in areas that are too arid for non-irrigators or too hilly for non-terraces; growth in population size and density increases contact; need to regulate interpersonal skills;
Pastoralism
the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock.
Means of Production: Labor
non industrialized societies, access to both land and labor comes through kinship, marriage, and descent.
profit motive
not universal. people make choices about how to use their scarce resources- time, labor, money
subsistence fund
people have to work to eat, to replace calories they use in daily activity
replacement fund
people must maintain their technology
ceremonial fund
only for ceremonies and rituals
rent fund
people must render to an individual or agency that is politically or economically superior
peasants
small scale agriculturist in nonindustrial states who pay rent; 2 things in common- state (organized societies) and produce food without elaborate technology
