CH 5 + 6 Flashcards
(217 cards)
1
Q
Absorption
A
Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream
2
Q
Amino Acids
A
Small building blocks of proteins, released when proteins are digested
3
Q
Digestion
A
Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms
4
Q
Elimination
A
Removal of indigestible materials as feces
5
Q
Enzymes
A
Chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances
6
Q
Fatty Acids
A
Substances produced when fats are digested
7
Q
Gastrointestinal
A
Pertaining to the stomach and intestines
8
Q
Glucose
A
simple sugar; necessary as a source of energy for body cells
9
Q
Triglycerides
A
Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol; chief form of lipids
10
Q
Buccal
A
Pertaining to the cheek
11
Q
Canine
A
Pointed dog-like teeth next to the incisors
12
Q
Cheeks
A
the fleshy portion of either side of the face
13
Q
Crown
A
the portion of the tooth that is covered by enamel
14
Q
Cementum
A
a specialized external bony layer covering the dentin of the part of a tooth normally within the gum
15
Q
Deglutition
A
swallowing
16
Q
Dentin
A
primary material found in teeth; surrounding the pulp and covered by enamel of the crown
17
Q
Distal
A
Far from the point of attachment to the trunk of the body or far from the beginning of a structure
18
Q
Enamel
A
Hard, outermost layer of a tooth
19
Q
Facial
A
pertaining to the face
20
Q
Gums
A
tissue of the upper and lower jaws that surrounds the base of the teeth
21
Q
Hard Palate
A
front, bony part of the roof of the mouth
22
Q
Incisal
A
pertaining to the incisor
23
Q
Incisor
A
one of the four front teeth on either jaw
24
Q
Lips
A
the upper or lower fleshy margin of the mouth
25
Mastication
chewing
26
Mesial
pertaining to the middle
27
Molar
Flat teeth in the back of the mouth on either side of the dental arch
28
Occlusal
pertaining to grinding or biting surface of a tooth
29
Papillae
small elevations on the surface of the tongue; containing taste buds
30
Parotid Gland
salivary gland that is situated on each side of the face below and in front of the ear
31
Periodontal Membrane
membrane that surrounds the tooth in the tooth socket
32
Premolar
two teeth before molars
33
Pulp
soft tissue with a tooth containing nerves and blood vessels
34
Root Canal
a treatment to repair and save a badly damaged or infected tooth instead of removing it
35
Rugae
Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach
36
Saliva
digestive juice produced by salivary glands
37
Salivary Glands
three pairs of exocrine glands secreting saliva into the mouth; parotid glands, sublingual glands, and submadibular glands.
38
Soft Palate
the back portion is muscular
39
Submandibular Gland
a salivary gland inside of and near the lower edge of the mandible on each side and discharging by Wharton's duct into the mouth under the tongue
40
Tongue
A freely movable muscular organ that lies partly in the floor of the mouth and partly in the pharynx
41
Tonsils
masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx
42
Uvula
soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate, at the back of the mouth.
43
Esophagus
tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach
44
Pharynx
throat
45
Throat
pharynx
46
Bolus
is a ball-like mixture of food and saliva that forms in the mouth during the process of chewing
47
Peristalsis
rhythmic contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures
48
Stomach
muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus; composed of three main parts: fundus, body, and antrum
49
Antrum
Lower portion of stomach
50
Body
middle section of stomach
51
Fundus
upper portion of stomach
52
Hydrochloric Acid
substance produced in the stomach; aids digestion
53
Lower Esophageal Sphincter (Cardiac Sphincter)
ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach
54
Pepsin
a stomach enzyme that serves to digest proteins found in ingested food
55
Pyloric Sphincter
ring of muscles that surrounds the opening of the stomach to the duodenum
56
Rugae
Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the tsomach
57
Sphincters
circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening
58
Bile
digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
59
Duodenum
first part of the small intestine
60
Gallbladder
small sac under the liver; stores bile
61
Ileum
third part of the small intestine
62
Jejunum
second part of the small intestine
63
Liver
large reddish-brown organ in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen
64
Pancreas
gland located under and behind the stomach
65
Small intestine (Small Bowel)
the part of the intestine that lies between the stomach and colon, consists of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, secretes digestive enzymes, and is the chief site of the absorption of digested nutrients
66
Villi
microscopic projections in the wall. of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the blood stream
67
Anus
opening of the rectum to the outside of the body
68
Appendix
small tube-like organ connected to the beginning of the large intestine (cecum. located in the RLQ of the abdomen
69
Ascending Colon
the part of the large intestine that extends from the cecum to the bend on the right side below the liver
70
Cecum
first part of the large intestine (colon)
71
Colon
large intestine
72
Defecation
eliminating of waste and undigested foods through the anus
73
Descending Colon
the part of the large intestine on the left side that extends from the bend below the spleen to the sigmoid colon
74
Feces
solid waste; stool
75
Rectum
last section of the large intestine
76
Sigmoid Colon
lower s-shaped section of the colon, just before the rectum
77
Transverse Colon
the part of the large intestine that extends across the abdominal cavity joining the ascending colon to the descending colon
78
Amylase
enzyme that digests starches into simpler substances such as sugar
79
Bilirubin
orange-yellow pigment found in bile. released from the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells die
80
Common Bile Duct
tube carrying bile from the liver and gallbladder into the duodenum
81
Cystic Duct
A tube that carries bile from the gall bladder
82
Emulsification
breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles
83
Glycogen
storage form of glucose (sugar); produces glucose when it is broken down in liver cells
84
Glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen to release sugar
85
Gluconeogenesis
process of producing the new sugar from fats and proteins; occurs mainly in the liver
86
Glucose
sugar
87
Hepatic Duct
a duct conveying the bile away from the liver and in many vertebrates including humans uniting with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct
88
Insulin
hormone secreted by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. transports sugar from the blood into cells
89
Jaundice (Hyperbilirubinemia)
yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood
90
Lipase
pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
91
Pancreatic Duct
a duct leading from the pancreas and opening into the duodenum
92
Portal Vein
large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
93
Protease
enzyme that digest protein
94
An/o
anus
95
Append/o
appendix
96
Appendic/o
appendix
97
Bucc/o
cheek
98
Cec/o
cecum
99
Celi/o
belly, abdomen
100
Cheil/o
lips
101
Cholecyst/o
gallbladder
102
Choledoch/o
common bile duct
103
Col/o
colon
104
Colon/o
colon
105
Dent/i
tooth
106
Duoden/o
duodenum
107
Enter/o
intestines
108
Esophag/o
esophagus
109
Faci/o
face
110
Gastr/o
stomach
111
Gingiv/o
gums
112
Gloss/o
tongue
113
Hepat/o
liver
114
Ile/o
ileum
115
Labi/o
lip
116
Lapar/o
abdomen
117
Jenjun/o
jejunum
118
Lingu/o
tongue
119
Mandibul/o
lower jaw
120
Odont/o
tooth
121
Or/o
mouth
122
Palat/o
palate
123
Pancreat/o
pancreas
124
Peritone/o
peritoneum
125
Pharyng/o
throat
126
Proct/o
anus and rectum
127
Pylor/o
pyloric sphincter
128
Rect/o
rectum
129
Sialaden/o
salivary gland
130
Sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
131
Stomat/o
mouth
132
Amyl/o
starch
133
Bil/i
gall, bile
134
Bilirubin/o
biliruibin
135
Chol/e
gall, bile
136
Chlorhydr/o
hydrochloric acid
137
Gluc/o
sugar
138
Glyc/o
sugar
139
Glycogen/o
glycogen, animal starch
140
Lip/o
fat, lipid
141
Lith/o
stone
142
Protec/o
protein
143
Sial/o
saliva, salivary
144
Steat/o
fat
145
-ase
enzyme
146
-chezia
defecation, elimination. of waste
147
-iasis
abnormal condition
148
-prandial
meal
149
Anorexia
lack of appetite
150
Ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
151
Borborygmus
rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract
152
Constipation
difficulty in passing stools
153
Diarrhea
frequent passage of loos, water stools
154
Dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
155
Eructation
gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
156
Flatus
gas expelled through the anus
157
Hematochezia
passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum
158
Melana
black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood
159
Nausea
unpleasant sensation in the stomach with. atendency to vomit
160
Steatorrhea
fat in the feces
161
Achalasia
failure of the lower esophagus sphincter muscle to relax
162
Anal Fistula
abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
163
Aphthous Stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers
164
Cholelithiasis
Gallstones in the gallbladder
165
Cirrhosis
chronic degenerative disease of the liver
166
Colonic Polyposis
polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon
167
Colorectal Cancer
adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both
168
Crohn's Disease
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
169
Dental Caries
tooth decay
170
Diverticulosis
abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall of the colon
171
Dysentery
painful inflammation of the intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection
172
Esophageal Varices
swollen varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus
173
Gastric Carcinoma
malignant tumor of the stomach
174
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
175
Hemmorrhoids
swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region
176
Hernia
protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally obtaining it
177
Herpetic Stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus
178
Oral Leukoplakia
white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth
179
Ileus
loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
180
Intussusception
telescoping of the intestines
181
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
group of GI symptoms without structural abnormalities in the intestines
182
-ectasis -ectasia
dilation
183
-emesis
vomiting
184
-lysis
breakdown or destruction
185
-pepsia
digestion
186
-phagia
eating, swallowing
187
-plasty
surgical repair
188
-ptosis
drooping
189
-ptysis
spitting
190
-rrhage -rrhagia
bursting forth (of blood)
191
-rrhea
flow, discharge
192
-spasm
involuntary contraction of muscles
193
-stasis
stopping, controlling
194
-stenosis
narrowing, tightening
195
-tresia
opening
196
chol/e
bile; gall
197
cholangi/o
bile vessel
198
glyc/o
sugar
199
Herni/o
hernia
200
Lip/o
fat
201
Lith/o
stone; calculus
202
Splen/o
spleen
203
Steat/o
fat, sebum
204
Liver Function Test (LFTs)
test for the presence of enzymes and bilirubin in the blood
205
Stool Culture
test for microorganisms present in feces
206
Stool Guaiac or Hemoccult Test
test to detect occult (hidden) blood in feces
207
Abdominal Ultrasonography
sound waves beamed into the abdomen produce an image of abdominal viscera
208
Cholangiography
x-ray examination of the biliary system performed after injection of contrast into the bile ducts
209
Computed Tomography (CT)
a series of x-ray images are taken in multiple views
210
Gastric Bypass
a shortened jejunum is brought up to connect with the smaller stomach
211
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using an endoscope
212
Liver Biopsy
removal of liver tissue for microscopic examination
213
Lower Gastrointestinal Series (Barium enema)
x-ray images of the colon and rectum obtained after injection of barium into the rectum
214
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
magnetic waves produce images of organs and tissues in all three planes of the body
215
Nasogastric Intubation
insertion of a tube through the nose into te stomach
216
Paracentesis (Abdominocentesis)
puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen
217
Upper Gastrointestinal Series
x-ray images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine obtained after administering barium by mouth
