Ch. 5-8 Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
____ + ____ = variation
A
culture + psychology
2
Q
nature vs. nurture
_____ vs. ______
A
biology vs. culture
3
Q
there is variation between cultures and within cultures themselves
A
.
4
Q
biology is never manifest in the absence of culture, and experience is conditioned by biology
A
.
5
Q
subject position:
influenced by:
A
how one views the world (influenced by age, gender, class, family history, etc)
6
Q
perception:
A
organizing, identifying and interpreting sensory info in order to understand environment (using intellect & emotion to understand)
7
Q
schemas:
A
repetitive experiences everyone interprets differently
ex. Christmas
8
Q
prototypes:
A
words refer to typical instances elements, we only perceive things using the rules & guidelines we were taught to perceive with
9
Q
the Baule and staring:
A
staring at a sculpture is dangerous, disrespectful, etc
-shows diff sensory rules in cultures
10
Q
cognition:
A
the mental process by which humans gain knowledge
-the “nexus” (connection) between mind at work and the world in which it works
11
Q
elementary cognitive processes:
A
common to all humans without impairment
-ability to make abstractions, reason, and create conceptual (related) categories
12
Q
cognitive style are r______ p______ of cognitive activity.
2 main styles:
A
- reoccurring patterns
1) global style
2) articulated style
13
Q
global style:
A
sees the word in big pieces then breaks them down into smaller groups
field dependent
14
Q
articulated style:
A
sees the world in small pieces then sorts into larger groups
field independent
15
Q
thinking:
A
going beyond given info
16
Q
syllogistic reasoning:
ex.?
A
a form of reasoning based on 3 statements
premise + premise + conclusion
ex) all men are mortal. bob is a man. is bob mortal?
17
Q
reasoning style:
A
how we understand a cognitive task & encode info
- differs by culture
ex) Kpelle “refusal to accept the logical task” and answering the contextual question instead.
18
Q
emotion is a product of:
A
dialectic between bodily arousal and cognitive interpretation
19
Q
death among the Giriama (grief, anger, revenge … different than the West?)
A
.
20
Q
socialization:
Vygotsky
A
process when human learn to be members of a group by interacting and adhering to behavioural rules
ex) preschool
21
Q
enculturation:
Vygotsky
A
the process by which human beings living with one another must learn to come to terms with the ways of thinking and feeling that are considered appropriate in their respective cultures
22
Q
_____ and _____ go hand in hand.
A
*socialization & enculturation
the practice or coaching of these things vary by social, cultural and historical factors
23
Q
zone of proximal development:
A
the distance between a child’s independent prob solving and guidance
-most children achieve more when coached.. diff cultures vary in that view
24
Q
self:
A
the result of the process of socialization and enculturation for an individual
25
personality:
the relative integration of an individual’s perceptions, motives, cognitions, and behaviour within a socio-cultural matrix
26
subjectivity:
an individual’s awareness of his or her own agency and position as a subject
27
gender roles:
sets of behaviours that are commonly perceived as masculine or feminine within a specific culture
28
sexuality:
an individual’s sense of his or her own sexual orientation and preferences
29
sex:
biological distinction between male and female based on morphological sex (physical parts)
30
gender:
the cultural constructions of beliefs and behaviours considered appropriate for each sex.
31
roles, partners, practices are not given by biology..
|
..they are potentiated by biology and shaped in culture / relationship.
32
manly man vs passive male in Nicaragun
machismo vs cochon
33
structural violence:
violence resulting from the ways political/economical structure forces suffering
34
social trauma:
individual and group experience of negative physical, mental, and emotional effects from external forces
ex) war, BATAM video
35
gender. sex and sociality are tied up in our lives in..
persuasive ways
| -variation is key!
36
promiscuous hordes:
random group of people in a nomadic (wanderer) society
37
kinship:
social relationships derived from mating, birth and nurturance
-many axes: ex. church-father (often modelled on & expressed through kinship terms)
38
marriage:
- transforms the status of the participants
- carries implications about sexual access
- gives offspring a position in society
- connections the kin of a husband and the kin of a wife.
- may involve more than one man or woman
39
endogamy:
Marriage within a defined social group
40
exogamy:
Marriage outside a defined social group
41
marriage facilitates 2 types of reproduction:
biological and social
42
marriage creates other relationships..
property relationships ex) bridewealth (transfer of cattle or money fro groom's family to bride's family for loss of labour/child bearing)
43
residence after marriage: ___local
neo: own chosing
patri: with/near husbands fam
matri: with/near wifes fam
avuncu: with/near husbands uncle
ambi: first with fam of one spouse, then the other
duo: each spouse lives with their own fam
44
monogamy:
married to one person at a time
45
polygamy:
married to more than one person at a time
46
non-conjugal family:
woman and her children; the husband/father may occasionally be present or completely absent
47
conjugal family:
family based on marriage; at minimum, a spousal pair and their children
48
nuclear family:
2 generations: parents and their unmarried children.
49
extended family
3 generations living together: parents, married children, and grandchildren
50
joint family:
brothers and their wives (or sisters and their husbands) along with their children living together
51
blended family:
created when previously divorced or widowed people marry, bringing with them children from their previous marriages
STEP FAMILY
52
polygyny and polyandry:
polygyny: multiple wives
polyandry: multiple husbands
53
Families of Choice:
new kin ties can be created over time as friends and lovers demonstrate their genuine commitment to one another
54
what causes change in families.. good or bad: (4)
- divorce & remarriage
- dispersion
- transnational families
- new forms of communication
55
kinships are a way of organizing human interdependence
| how? (4)
1) recruiting group members (reproducing)
2) establish links (knowing descendants)
3) residence rules (where members should live)
4) pass on social positions/material goods
56
Lineages:
descent group composed of consanguineal members, or blood relatives, who believe they can trace their descent from known ancestors.
57
2 descent groups:
1) Bilateral descent
| 2) Unilineal descent
58
Bilateral descent:
The principle that a descent group is formed by people who believe they are related to each other by connections made through their mothers and fathers equally.
59
Unilineal descent:
The principle that a descent group is formed by people who believe they are related to each other by links made through a father (patrilineal descent) or mother (matrilineal descent) only.
60
Patrilineal & Matrilineal descent groups
Patrilineal: descent is through father’s line.
-most common
-new brides live with their husband’s group
Matrilineal: descent is through the mother’s line
-authority and inheritance still under the control of men
61
ego:
a group formed from their connection to a central person(s)
| -each Ego member has their own kindred
62
six major prototypical patterns of kinship terminology:
Eskimo, Iroquois, Hawaiian, Crow, Omaha, and Sudanese
63
compadrazgo:
co-parenting.. godparents have same role as bio parents
64
fictive kinship:
a family relationship that is based neither on blood nor marriage
65
Sodalities:
unions, clubs, secret societies, etc … note the use of kinship terms
66
Kinship as the functional organizing mechanism of society:
- weight of roles
| - obligation
67
economic anthro focuses on..
how ppl make a living
| need vs desire
68
institutions:
stable cultural practices that organize social life
69
economy:
institutional perspective= the material means supplying process
70
subsistence:
the satisfaction of having basic survival needs
71
subsistence strategies:
product, distrib, consump of survival needs
72
food producers:
depends on domesticated plants/animals for food
-farmers
radical ecological impact
73
3 types of food producers:
1) extensive--> caveman way (slash n burn)
2) intensive--> plows, drift animals, fertilizers
3) mechanized--> factory farming, techno.
74
food collectors:
those who gather or hunt for food
| little ecological impact
75
3 phases of economic activity:
production
distribution
consumption
76
neo-classical economic theory:
term used for approaches to economics focusing on the determination of prices, outputs, and income distributions in markets through supply and demand
77
homo economicus (economic human)
theory that humans are economically rational (maximize utility as a consumer and economic profit as a producer)
78
reciprocity:
the practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit
79
3 kinds of reciprocity:
1) generalized
2) balanced
3) negative
80
generalized reciprocity:
one exchanges without expecting immediate return.. all will balance out eventually
81
balanced reciprocity:
one exchanges but expects a return of equal value in a time frame
82
negative reciprocity:
exchange where one party attempts to get something from nothing .. maximize self-profit
83
Redistribution:
A mode of exchange in which a centralized social organization receives contributions from all members of the group and redistributes them in a way that provides for every member
84
Market Exchange:
most recent redistribution mode
A mode of exchange in which the exchange of goods (trade) is calculated in terms of a standard of value (money) and carried on by means of a supply–demand–price mechanism (the market)
85
Gift vs Commodity (Market) Exchange
gift means social relationship
| Societies may have more than one mode of exchange at any point in time
86
Labour:
The activity linking human social groups to the material world around them; human labour is therefore always social
87
Mode of production:
to refer to the specific organization of economic production in a given society. A mode of production includes the means of production used by a given society, such as factories and other facilities,
88
Means of production:
The tools, skills, organization, and knowledge used to extract energy from nature
89
Relations of production:
relations of production refers to the relationship between those who own the means of production (the capitalists or bourgeoisie) and those who do not (the workers or the proletariat).
90
3 modes of production:
1) kin-ordered mode (family based)
2) tributary mode (subjects supply for themselves & rulers)
3) capitalist mode
91
features of capitalist mode:
The means of production are owned by the capitalists.
- workers are denied access to such ownership
- workers must sell their labour to the capitalists in order to survive. (agency)
92
capitalists job?
This labour for capitalists produces surpluses of wealth that capitalists may (must?) plow back into production to increase output and generate further surpluses.
93
ideology:
According to Marx, ideology is those products of consciousness (religion, mortality)
- exist to explain to people who they are & justify the kinds of lives they lead.
- Reduces conflict of interest in any given mode of production. (The American Dream?)
94
Explanations of patterns of consumption: (3 types)
1) internal: emphasizes dependence on physical world, basic human need, Malinowski
2) external: human consumptions patterns form by what is available "culture core"
3) cultural: consumption needs are selective, culturally shaped *best explanation
95
cultural desires drive _____ and ______.
| hierarchies of _____ create ______.
* demand and supply
| * value creates desire
96
culture is typically 4 main things:
play, art, myth and ritual
97
play is a "framing"..
it's how we break rules, experiment, innovate, practice for the real world and try new things with little or no consequence
98
play is 3 things:
1) consciously adopted by players
2) pleasurable
3) related to he non-play world (transforms non-play objects)
99
metacommunication (communicating about communication) has 2 types:
1) framing: cognitive boundary that marks real-life and play
| 2) reflexivity: thinking about how one thinks, or experience
100
sport:
| sport is a ______.
physical activity governed by rules all players agree upon
sport is a metaphor.. ex) soccer in Brazil
-brigs identities together (or opposes them)
101
art (Alland):
play with form that produces a product
| -authenticity?
102
4 types of art to the Baule:
watched art (carved mask), seen without looking (sacred sculpture), glimpsed (spiritual), visible to all
103
myth:
a culture's assumption on how the world should operate
- moves toward orthodoxy
- a cognitive explanation
104
ritual:
- structure, action
| - connects ppl to a source of power uncontrolled by them
105
4 elements of ritual:
1) repetitive social practice of symbolic activities (song, dance, etc)
2) is set off by social routines of everyday life
3) adhere to a certain characteristic
4) is closely connected to a set of ideas often coded in myth
106
rites of passage (Gennep):
a ritual that serves to mark the transition from one social position to another (dating>engaged>marriage)
107
rites of passage has 3 steps:
separation, transition, re-aggregation
108
orthopraxy:
the deviation from approved ritual behaviours
