CH 5 Carbohydrates Flashcards
(29 cards)
Which carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides? As disaccharides? As oligosaccharides?
Monosaccharides: simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose)
Disaccharides: 2 links (Sucrose, Lactose, maltose)
Oligosaccharides: 3-10 links (raffinose, stachyose, Fructooligosaccharides, Galactooligosaccharides)
What types of carbohydrates are classified as polysaccharides?
Complex carbohydrates (starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin, pectin, inulin, hemicellulose)
Which types of carbohydrates are digestible? Indigestible? Why?
Digestible: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Starch, Glycogen
Indigestible: Cellulose (Polysaccharide), Hemicellulose, Pectin, Inulin & Fructooligosaccharides, Resistant Starch
What are the two types of fiber and describe their health benefits?
soluble: lowers cholesterol, regulates blood sugar, improves gut health, aids in weight loss
insoluble: prevents constipation, supports colon health, detoxification
What is the difference between whole grain and refined grain?
Whole grain is not processed unlike refined grains
Which foods are good sources of each of the types of carbohydrates?
fruits, proteins, dairy, brown rice, whole wheat
Why is the RDA for carbohydrate intake set at 130 g/day?
Because its the minimum amount requireed to meet brains energy needs
What is the AI for dietary fiber?
20-38g for adults
How does carbohydrate spare protein from use as an energy source?
making carbohydrates available because the body prefers to use glucose for energy.
Glycogen synthesis
process of synthesizing glycogen in the liver
Glycogenolysis
Glycolysis
process of breaking down glycogen into glucose to provide energy when blood sugar levels drop or during high-energy demands
Glycerol
3-carbon molecule found in fats, when released and can be used for energy or converted into glucose.
Gluconeogenesis
Making glucose from non-carbohydrate sources when blood sugar is low in the liver and kidney
Ketogenesis
process of producing ketone bodies from fat when glucose is low in the liver
Describe metabolic differences between the fed, fasting, and starvation states in terms of glucose metabolism pathways.
Fed: high glucose, energy use, glycogen, fat conversion
Fasting: low glucose, glycogenesis, glucogenesis
Starving: very low glucose, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis
How does your body regulate blood glucose levels?
blood sugar using hormones to keep it within a normal range (~70-110 mg/dL)
What are the roles of insulin and glucagon?
To keep blood sugar at a healthy level
What hormones help increase and decrease blood glucose levels?
Decrease: insulin
Increase: glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, GH
Explain how carbohydrates are digested and absorbed.
Digested: Mouth, stomach, small intestine
Absorbed: small intestine and liver
What enzymes are involved in the digestion of carbohydrates?
Amylase, maltase, sucrase, lactase
Explain the cause of, effects of, and dietary treatment for lactose intolerance.
Cause: Deficiency of the enzyme lactase
Effect: bloating, gas, diarrhea, nausea
Treatment: avoid lactose, take supplements,
What are the health concerns with very high fiber diets?
Digestive discomfort, nutrition deficiencies, constipation, weight loss
Explain how a high sugar diet might lead to dental caries?
Sugar feeds bacteria and creates acid that decays your teeth
