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NCE > Ch. 5 - Counseling & Helping Relations > Flashcards

Ch. 5 - Counseling & Helping Relations Flashcards

1
Q

Who worked with Freud?

A

Adler and Jung
Adler - created individual psychology
Jung - created analytic psychology

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2
Q

What is Freud’s topographic notion?

A
  • Mind has depth like an iceburg
  • unconscious, preconscious, conscious
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3
Q

Transactional analysis

A

The communicator is taught to alter the ego state as a way to solve emotional problems. The method deviates from Freudian psychoanalysis, which focuses on increasing awareness of the contents of subconsciously held ideas.

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4
Q

Freud eros and thanatos

A

Eros - Greek god of love
Thanatos - death

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5
Q

The analytic movement included…

A

Freud, Adler, Jung

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6
Q

What do the Id, Ego, and Superego encompass

A

Id - pleasure principle
Ego - reality principle - attempts to balance id and superego
Superego - ego ideal

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7
Q

Joseph Wolpe

A
  • developed a paradigm known as systematic desensitization
  • a behavior therapy based on Pavlov’s classical conditioning
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8
Q

What all derives fro classical conditioning

A
  • Assertiveness training, flooding, implosive therapy, and sensate focus all derive from classical conditioning.
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9
Q

Freud and dreams

A
  • manifest content = surface meaning
  • latent content = hidden meaning
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10
Q

Anna O case

A
  • 1st psychoanalytic patient
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11
Q

Little Hans case

A
  • Fear of the street; Oedipus complex
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12
Q

Little Albert case

A
  • John Watson
  • American Behaviorism
  • Made hcild fearful of furry things
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13
Q

Most important concept in Freud’s theory is…

A

The unconscious mind

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14
Q

What is the topographical theory?

A

Unconscious, preconscious, conscious
- Freud

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15
Q

Sour grapes rationalization

A

Underrates
i.e., ‘I didn’t really want it anyway’

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16
Q

Sweet lemon rationalization

A

Overrates
i.e., How wonderful a distasteful set of circumstances really is.

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17
Q

Reaction formatiob =

A

Acting oppositve of the way one actually feels

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18
Q

Compensation =

A

Attempt to develop/overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation

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19
Q

Identification =

A

Identifying with a cause or successful person

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20
Q

Interpretation =

A

To make clients aware of their unconscious processes

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21
Q

Organ Inferiority =

A

(Adler’s indivudal psychology)
- Ways we attempt to compensate

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22
Q

What is Adler’s major psychological goal?

A
  • To escape deep seated feelings of inferiority
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23
Q

Logos =
Eros =

A
  • Logic
  • Intuition
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24
Q

What did Jung use in his work and what did it represent?

A

Mandalas - balanced around a center point to analyze
- Magic protective circles that represents self-unification

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25
Q

What is eidetic imagery?

A
  • the ability to remember the most minute details of a scene for an extended period of time
  • think photographic memory
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26
Q

Sibling interaction is…

A

More impactful than parent-child interaction
(Adler)

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27
Q

What do neo-Freudians emphasize?

A

Social factors

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28
Q

Who used the terms interversion/extroversion

A

Jung
- Myers briggs is associated with Jung

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29
Q

Rudolph Dreikurs was…

A
  • 1st to discuss use of group therapy in private practice
  • student of Adler
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30
Q

Animus/Anima

A

Animus - masculine side
Anima - feminine side

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31
Q

Things Jung focused on about family

A
  • birth order
  • lifestyle
  • family constellation
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32
Q

Collective unconscious

A
  • Jung
  • Is made up of archetypes
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33
Q

Archetypes

A
  • Jung
  • Primal universal symbol
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34
Q

Common archetypes

A
  • the personas = the mask/role we present to others to hide true self
  • animus/anima = self
  • shadow = mask behind persona, which contains id-like material; denied, yet desired
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35
Q

What is symptom substitution?

A
  • Psychoanalytic term
  • If you deal with the symptom, another symptom will manifest itself, since the unconscious mind is the problem
  • Behaviorists do not believe in the concept of symptom substitution and do work on symptom reduction
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36
Q

Adlerians believe behavior…

A
  • Must be studied in a social context, never in isolation
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37
Q

Existentialism…

A

Logotherapy

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38
Q

Associationism

A

Behaviorism
- John Locke, David Hume, James Mill, David Hartley

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39
Q

BF Skinner’s reinforcement theory

A
  • elaborated on Edward Thorndike’s law of effect
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40
Q

law of effect

A
  • Thorndike
  • Responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated and responses accompanied by dissatisfaction will not be repeated
  • trial and error learning
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41
Q

Pavlov is known for…

A

Classical conditioning

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42
Q

Skinner is known for…

A

Operant conditioning = instrumental learning

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43
Q

What is an acquisition period?

A

The time it takes to learn or acquire a given behavior

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44
Q

Respondent behavior refers to…

A

Reflexes

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45
Q

Negative reinforcement…

A
  • not punishment
  • requires withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur (i.e., taking a pain pill)
  • increases behavior
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46
Q

Punishment

A
  • decreases behavior
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47
Q

The most effective time interval (temporal relation between the CS and US is

A

1/2 second

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48
Q

When CS is delayed =
When CS is terminated before US =

A
  • delayed conditioning
  • trace conditioning
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49
Q

If US comes before CS…

A

No conditioining occurs - AKA backward conditioning

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50
Q

IS US/CS happen together…

A

Simultaneous conditioning - conditioning will not occur

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51
Q

Stimulus generalization

A
  • Pavlov termed “irradiation”
  • 2nd order conditioning - when a stimulus similar to the CS produces the same reaction
  • more things produce responses
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52
Q

Which is stronger - CS or US?

A

US

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53
Q

Stimulus discrimination =

A

Makes the condition happen to only 1 thing

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54
Q

Experimental neurosis =

A

differentiation process becomes too difficult due to stimuli being too similar

55
Q

Extinction =

A

The CR stops happening due to no US

56
Q

John B Watson is associated with which experiment?

A

Little Albert

57
Q

Chaining =

A
  • Sequence of behaviors in which one response renders cue that next response is to occur
  • Series of operants joined by reinforcers
58
Q

Behavioral modification strategies are based on

A
  • Instrumental conditioning
  • Skinnerian principles
59
Q

Behavior therapy emphasizes…

A
  • Classical conditioning
  • Pavlovian principles
60
Q

Neal Miller…

A

Conducted the 1st studeies showing animals could be conditioned to control autonomic processes

61
Q

Mary Clover Jones

A
  • Learning could serve as a treatment for phobic reaction
62
Q

The topographic hypothesis

A
  • Freud
  • Depth psychology
63
Q

Robert and Carkhuff are known for…

A

5-point scale measuring empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect

64
Q

Positive reinforcer
Negative reinforcer

A
  • Something added
  • something removed
65
Q

Any behavior not elicited by an obvious stimulus is

A
  • an operant
66
Q

Higher-order conditioning =

A

When a new stimulus is associated or paired with the CS and new stimulus takes on the power of the CS

67
Q

EMG =
EEG =
EKG =

A
  • Muscles
  • Brain
  • Heart
68
Q

Premack principle =

A

An efficient reinforcer is what one likes, thus a lower-probability behavior (LPB) is reinforced by a higher-probability behavior (HPB) (i.e., if eat veggies, can have dessert)

69
Q

Intermittent reinforcement:

A

Ratio = # of responses
Interval = time

70
Q

Most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the

A

Variable ratio

71
Q

Most effective intermittent schedule

A

Fixed interval

72
Q

Which is more powerful/impactful

A

Variable > fixed
Ratio > interval

73
Q

Joseph Wolpe

A
  • created systematic desensitization, a recipricol inhibition based on counter-conditioning
  • Starts from least anxiety-provoking and moves to most
  • ideally 10-15 steps evenly spaced
  • extinction is curative factor
74
Q

Steps of systematic desensitization

A
  • relaxation training
  • construction of anxiety hierarhy
  • desensitization in imagination
    in vivo desensitization
75
Q

Sensate focus is

A
  • Behavioral sex therapy
  • Masters and Johnson
  • Counter conditioning
76
Q

SUDS stands for

A

Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale

77
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A
  • Some anxiety is helpful
78
Q

Aversive conditioning

A
  • Pairing an aversive stimulus to undersired behavior
79
Q

Behavior rehearsal

A

Act of practicing a behavior in a counseling session

80
Q

Wilhelm Reich -

A
  • Felt repeated sexual gratification was necessary for cure of emotional maladies
81
Q

Orgone box

A
  • Wilhelm Reich
  • A box to sit on to increase orgone life energy (banned now)
82
Q

Conditioned reflex therapy

A
  • Andrew Salter
  • Set stage for modern assertiveness training
  • Father of behavioral therapy
83
Q

Covert sensitization =

A

Imagining something causes negative outcome

84
Q

Implosive therapy

A
  • Stampfl
  • Always done in the imagination
85
Q

Flooding occurs when

A
  • one is genuinely exposed to the feared stimulus
  • also called deliberate exposure with response prevention
86
Q

Viktor Frankle is

A
  • father of Logotherapy
  • healing through meaning
87
Q

Ellis is considered

A
  • the founding father of the CBT movement
88
Q

REBT/RET =

A
  • REBT = Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
  • RET = Rational-Emotive Therapy
  • Emotional disturbance due to irrational thoughts
  • Philosopher Epictetus: We feel the way we think

REBT was formerly known as RET
- Albert Ellis

89
Q

Existentialists

A
  • Frankl
    Yalom
    May
90
Q

Umwelt =
Mitwelt =
Eigenwelt =

A
  • physical
  • relationship
  • identity
91
Q

Phenomenology =

A

Refers to client’s internal personal experience of events

92
Q

Ontology =

A

The philosophy of being and existing

93
Q

Noogenic neurosis =

A

Frustration of the will to meaning

94
Q

William Glasser -

A
  • Reality therapy
  • Incorporates control theory, later referred to as choice therapy
95
Q

BCP =

A
  • Reality therapy exam questions use abbreviation BCP
  • = perception controls behavior
96
Q

Choice theory asserts…

A
  • that the only person whose behavior we can control is our own
97
Q

Rolfing =

A

deep muscle massage

98
Q

In reality therapy, the client’s childhood is…

A
  • not explored
  • reality therapy focuses on the here and now
  • therapeutic relationship is similar to a friend asking what is wrong
  • when the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on successful behaviors
99
Q

Glasser’s position on mental illness

A
  • Diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible
  • Glasser’s reality therapy and control/choice theory became popular after writing “Schools w/o Failure”
100
Q

8 steps of reality therapy process

A
  • Build a good relationship
  • Examine the current behavior
  • Evaluate their behavior - helpful or not?
  • Brainstorm alternatives
  • Commit to new plan
  • Evaluate results - no punish/excuses
  • Accept logical and natural consequences
  • Don’t get discouraged
101
Q

ABCs of REBT

A

A - activating event
B - belief system
C - emotional consequence
D - disputing the irrational behavior
E - a new emotional consequence

102
Q

Ellis is not impressed with

A
  • Animal studies because only humans think in declarations
103
Q

Internal verbalizations () = Pictures on your mind ()

A
  • (REBT)
  • (choice theory)
104
Q

Donald Meichenbaum

A
  • Cognitive therapist associated with concept of stress inoculation
  • Self-instructional training
    Inner dialogue
105
Q

3 phases of stress inoculation

A
  1. Educational phase
  2. Rehearsal phase
  3. Application phase
106
Q

Cognitive behavioral approaches

A

REBT
RBT
Self-instructional therapy

107
Q

Maultsby

A
  • Rational behavioral therapy (RBT)
  • Emphasizes a written self-analysis
108
Q

Transactional analysis includes

A
  • includes Gestalt therapy
  • Healthy communication transactions occur where vectors of communication run parallell
109
Q

Berne’s 3 ego states

A

Parent (superego) - nurturing parent and critical parent

Adult (ego) - processes facts and does not focus on feelings

Child (id) - may manifest as natural child, adapted child, little professor

110
Q

Stephen Karpman’s drama triangle

A

Persecutor
Rescuer
Victim

111
Q

Only technique used readily by TA and behavior therapists

A

Contracting

112
Q

Degree of game =

A

Degree of hurt

113
Q

Parallelt vectors of communication =

A

Complimentary transactions

114
Q

Berne -

A
  • TA
  • Life script: Life drama/plot based on unconscious decisions made early in life
  • 3 basic scripts: no love, no mind, no joy
115
Q

Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called

A

Rackets

116
Q

Fritz Perls

A
  • Gestal therapy
117
Q

Cycle of violence 3 phases

A
  1. tension-building phase (arguments)
  2. battering/acute incident phase
  3. Make up phase
118
Q

Carkhuff and Gazda =

A

Empathy and counselor effectiveness scalesP

119
Q

Rochaska’s TTM

A
  • Transtheoretical model
  • Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
120
Q

NLP =

A
  • Neurolinguistic programming (Bandler & Grinder)
  • Reframing - perceive situation from new light
  • Achoring - desirable emotional state evoked via outside stimulus
121
Q

Playing the projection technique

A
  • Gestalt
  • Act like the person you don’t like
  • Gestalt incorporates psychodrama
122
Q

Retroflection =

A

Act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else

123
Q

Gestalt means…

A

A form, figure, or configuration as a whole

124
Q

Perls - 5 layers of neurosis

A

Phony layer
Phobic layer
Impasse layer
Implosive layer
Explosive layer

(Peeling an onion)

125
Q

Unexpressed emotions are…

A

Unfinished business (Gestalt)

126
Q

Gestalt dialogue:

A

Top dog
Underdog
Empty chair

AKA games of dialogue

127
Q

Gestalt

A
  • Gestalt does not emphasize cognitive concerns
  • Tends to move slower than other modalitites due to confrontation slowing the therapeutic alliance
128
Q

Rogers’ approach is…

A
  • Existential or humanistic
  • Method aka Self-theory or self-concept
  • Person-centered
129
Q

Congruence

A
  • External and internal match
  • PCT
130
Q

3 key factors of CPT

A

Genuineness, unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding

131
Q

Problematic areas that cause self-image issues in counselors:

A

Competence, power, intimacy

132
Q

Allen E. Ivey - 3 types of empathy

A
  1. Basic - response on same level as client
  2. Subtractive - does not comopletely convey understanding
  3. Addititve - adds to client’s understanding/awareness
133
Q

Truax & Carkhuff created

A
  • A program to help counselors learn accurate empathy
134
Q

Human relations core:

A

Empathy, positive regard, genuineness

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