CH 5 Digestive System Vocab and Terminology Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
absorption
A
Passage of materials through the walls of the mall intestine and into the bloodstream
2
Q
achlorhydria
A
Absence of hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice
3
Q
amino acids
A
The chief constituents of proteins, there are 20 amino acids that contribute to protein synthesis. Amino acids are formed when large protein molecules are digested.
4
Q
amylase
A
An enzyme that digests (breaks down) starches into simpler substances (such as sugars)
5
Q
anastomosis
A
A surgical procedure that creates a new opening between two previously unconnected tubular organs or parts of the same organ.
6
Q
anus
A
the opening of the rectum to the outside of the body.
7
Q
appendectomy
A
Removal or excision of the appendix.
8
Q
appendicitis
A
Inflammation of the appendix.
9
Q
bile
A
Yellow or orange fluid protected by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It travels from the gallbladder into the small intestines to help digest fats.
10
Q
biliary
A
Pertaining to bile or bile ducts. Bile ducts empty bile into the small intestine (duodenum)
11
Q
bilirubin
A
A yellow-orange pigment found in bile.
12
Q
bowel
A
Intestine. The large bowel is alled the colon and the small bowel is the small intestine.
13
Q
buccal mucosa
A
Mucous membrane lining the cheek.
14
Q
canine teeth
A
Four, pointed dog-like (canine means dog) teeth. Each canine or cusped tooth is third from the midline of the jaw.
15
Q
cecal
A
Pertaining to the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine (colon).
16
Q
cecum
A
First part of the large intestine (colon).
17
Q
celiac
A
Pertaining to the abdomen.
18
Q
cheilosis
A
Abnormal condition of the lips.
19
Q
cholecystectomy
A
Excision or removal of the gallbladder.
20
Q
choledocholithiasis
A
Abnormal condition of stones in the common bile duct.
21
Q
choledochojejunostomy
A
Surgical anastomosis (create a new opening) between the common bile duct and jejunum. Bariatric surgery
22
Q
choledochotomy
A
Incision of the common bile duct.
23
Q
cholelithiasis
A
Abnormal condition of forming gallstones.
24
Q
colon
A
Large intestine (bowel)
25
colonic
Pertaining to the colon.
26
colonoscopy
Visual endoscopic examination of the colon.
27
colostomy
New opening of the colon to the outside of the body.
28
common bile duct
Tube carrying bile from the gallbladder and liver into the first part of the small intestine. To duodenum
29
defecation
Eliminating of wastes and undigested foods through the rectum.
30
deglutition
Swallowing.
31
dentibuccal
Pertaining to the cheek and teeth.
32
dentin
The chief substance of teeth; surrounding the pulp and covered by enamel of the crown.
33
digestion
The process of breaking down complex foods into simpler substances that can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine.
34
duodenal
Pertaining to the duodenum.
35
elimination
Discharge from the body of indigestible materials or wastes.
36
emulsification
Breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles.
37
enamel
white, compact and hard substance covering the substance (dentin) of the crown of the tooth.
38
endodontist
A dentist specializing in the inner parts of the tooth.
39
enterocolitis
Inflammation of the small intestine and colon.
40
enteroenterostomy
surgical anastomosis of two parts of the intestine with creation of an opening between them.
41
enzyme
Protein that speeds up the rate of the biochemical reaction. The suffix -ase means enzyme.
42
esophageal
Pertaining to the esophagus
43
esophagus
Tube leading from the throat to the stomach
44
fatty acids
Substances that are produced when fats are digested. They combine with glycerol to form fat.
45
facial
Pertaining to the face
46
feces
Solid wastes; stools.
47
gallbladder
Small sac lying below the liver, in which the bile is stored.
48
gastrointestinal tract
the tubular system related to the stomach and intestines beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus.
49
gastrojejunostomy
New surgical opening between the stomach and the jejunum; an anastomosis. The procedure is part of a gastric bypass surgery.
50
gastrostomy
New opening of the stomach through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body.
51
gingivitis
Inflammation of gums.
52
gluconeogenesis
Process of producing new sugar from fats and proteins; occurs mainly in the liver.
53
glucose
Simple sugar necessary as a source of energy for body cells.
54
glycogen
Storage form of glucose (sugar); it produces glucose when it is broken down (glycogenolysis) in liver cells.
55
hepatoma
Tumor of the liver; hepatocellular carcinoma.
56
hepatomegaly
Enlargement of the liver.
57
hydrochloric acid
Strong acid, present in a dilute form in the stomach; aids digestion.
58
hyperbilirubinemia
High levels of bilirubin (yellow/orange pigment) in the bloodstream; jaundice.
59
hyperglycemia
High levels of sugar in the bloodstream; often associated with diabetes mellitus.
60
hypoglossal
Pertaining to under the tongue
61
ileitis
Inflammation of the ileum (third part of the small intestine)
62
ileocecal sphincter
Ring of muscles that are between thr ileum and the cecum (first part of the large intestine)
63
ileostomy
Surgical formation of an artificial opening from the ileum to the outside of the body through the abdominal wall.
64
ileum
Third (and final) portion of the small intestine
65
incisor
One of the four front teeth on either jaw.
66
insulin
hormone secreted by specialed cells in the pancreas. Insulin facilitates transport of sugar from the blood into body cells
67
jejunum
Second part of the small intestine
68
labial
Pertaining to the lip.
69
laparoscopy
Process of visually examining the contents of the abdomen (using an endoscope)
70
lipase
enzyme- that digests fats; produced by cells in the pancreas and secreted into the duodenum.
71
lithogenesis
Formation of stone (calculi).
72
liver
Large, reddish-brown organ in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen.It secretes bile, forms blood proteins and metabolizes fats, proteins, and sugars.
73
lower esophageal sphincter
Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach.
74
mastication
Process of chewing.
75
mesentery
membrane that holds the intestine together; a fold of the peritoneum attaching the small intestins to the dorsal (back) body wall.
76
molar teeth
Sixth, seventh, and eigth teeth from the middle or either side of the dental arch. the most posterior molar is known as the wisdom tooth.
77
oral
Pertaining to the mouth,
78
orthodontist
Dentist specializing in straightening teeth.
79
palate
Roof of the mouth; hard palate is the front bony portion and the soft palate is the posterior fleshy part near the throat.
80
palatopharyngoplasty
Surgical resection of unnecessary palatal and oropharyngeal tissue to open the airway
81
palatoplasty
Surgical repair of the palate
82
pancreas
Gland under and behind the stomach; produces enzymes to digest foods and the hormone insulin to transport sugar to cells.
83
pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
84
papillae
Small elevations on the surface of the tongue containing taste buds.
85
parenteral
Pertaining to by some route other than through the gastrointestinal tract; as by intravenous injection.
86
parotid gland
Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior of the ear.
87
perianal
Pertaining to surrounding the anus.
88
periodontist
Dentist specializing in treating the gums.
89
peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum.
90
peristalsis
Rhythm-like contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures.
91
pharyngeal
Pertaining to the throat or pharynx
92
portal vein
Large vein brining blood to the liver from the intestines
93
postprandial
After meals
94
premolar teeth
Either of the two teeth on each side of each jaw, just behind the canine teeth and in front of the molars.
95
proctologist
Specialist in the study of the anus and he rectum.
96
protease
Enzyme that digests protein.
97
pulp
Soft tissue with a tooth containing nerves and blood vessels.
98
pyloric sphincter
Ring of muscles that surround the opening of the stomach to the duodenum
99
pyloroplasty
Surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter
100
pylorus
Distal region of the stomach near the duodenum.
101
rectocele
Hernia of the rectum.
102
rectum
final section of the colon.
103
rugae
Folds or creases in the mucous membrane of the stomach or the hard palate of the mouth.
104
saliva
Enzyme-containing digestive juice secreted by the salivary glands.
105
salivary glands
Three pairs of exocrine glands secreting saliva into the mouth; parotid glands, sublingual glands, submandibular glands.
106
sialadenitis
Inflammation of a salivary gland.
107
sialolith
Salivary gland stone, lodged in a salivary gland or duct.
108
sigmoid colon
Distal, lower end of the colon.
109
sigmoidoscopy
Visual endoscopic examination of the sigmoid colon.
110
sphincter
Circular ring of muscle that surrounds an opening or orifice.
111
steatorrhea
Discharge of fat in the feces due to improper digestion and malabsorption of fat.
112
stomatitis
Inflammation of the mouth.
113
sublingual
Pertaining to under the tongue
114
submandibular
Pertaining to under the lower jaw (mandible)
115
triglycerides
Chief form of fat (lipids) in body cells; composed of three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol.
116
uvula
Small, fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate at the back of the mouth.
117
uvulectomy
Removal (excision) of the uvula
118
villi
Fingerlike, microscopic projections on the inner surface of the small intestine; sites of absorption of foods and fluids.
