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Genitourinary > Ch 5 Female Anatomy > Flashcards

Ch 5 Female Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Organs of the female reproductive system

A

Ovaries

Uterine (Fallopian) tubes

Uterus

Vagina

External organs
-Vulva (Pudendum)

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2
Q

Paired organs that produce secondary oocytes and hormones

A

Ovaries

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3
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

Progesterone

Estrogen

Inhibin

Relaxin

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4
Q

Cells that develop into mature ova, or eggs, following fertilization

A

Secondary Oocytes

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5
Q

The ovaries arise from the same embryonic tissue as the:

A

Testes

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6
Q

Ovaries are the size and shape of:

A

Unshelled almonds

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7
Q

Layer of simple epithelium that covers the surface of the ovary

A

Germinal epithelium

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8
Q

Deep to the germinal epithelium

Dense connective tissue that contains ovarian follicles

A

Ovarian cortex

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9
Q

Folliculus little bag

A

Ovarian follicle

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10
Q

The ovarian follicle consists of:

A

Oocyte

Variable number of surrounding cells that nourish

Secrete estrogens as the follicle grows larger

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11
Q

The follicle enlarges until it is a:

A

Mature (graafian) follicle

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12
Q

A large, fluid-filled follicle that is preparing to rupture and expel a secondary oocyte

A

Mature (graafian) follicle

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13
Q

The remnants of the ovulated follicle develops into a:

A

Corpus luteum

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14
Q

The yellow body

A

Corpus luteum

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15
Q

Corpus luteum produces:

A

Progesterone

Estrogens

Relaxin

Inhibin

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16
Q

Corpus luteum degenerates and turns into:

A

Corpus Albicans (White Body)

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17
Q

The white body

A

Corpus albicans

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18
Q

Region deep to the ovarian cortex

Consists of loose connective tissue and contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

A

Ovarian medulla

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19
Q

The open, funnel shaped end of each tube

Lies close to the ovary, but is open to the pelvic cavity

A

Infundibulum

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20
Q

Fringe of fingerlike projections

A

Fimbraie

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21
Q

Uterine tubes

The oocyte is moved by:

A

Cilia in the mucous lining

Peristaltic contractions

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22
Q

The usual site for fertilization of a secondary oocyte by a sperm cell is:

A

Uterine tube

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23
Q

Fertilization may occur any time up to about ___ hours after ovulation

A

24 hours

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24
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilization ovum

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25
Q

Fertilized ovum (Zygote) descends into the uterus within ___ days

A

7 days

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26
Q

What happens to unfertilized secondary oocytes?

A

Disintegrate

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27
Q

Womb

A

Uterus

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28
Q

Serves as part of the pathway for sperm deposited in the vagina to reach the uterine tubes

A

Uterus

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29
Q

Source of menstrual flow

A

Uterus (endometrium)

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30
Q

Uterus is situated between the:

A

Urinary bladder and rectum

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31
Q

Uterus has a shape of an:

A

Inverted pear

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32
Q

Dome shaped portion superior to the uterine tubes

A

Fundus

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33
Q

Tapering central portion of the uterus

A

Body

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34
Q

Narrow portion opening into the vagina called the:

A

Cervix

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35
Q

Interior of the body of the uterus

A

Uterine cavity

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36
Q

Middle muscular layer of the uterus

Bulk of the uterine wall

A

Myometrium

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37
Q

Contractions from where help expel the fetus

A

Myometrium

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38
Q

Innermost part of the uterine wall

Nourishes a growing fetus

A

Endometrium

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39
Q

Layer of the uterus that is shed during menstruation

A

Endometrium

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40
Q

Glands whose secretions nourish sperm and the zygote

A

Endometrial glands

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41
Q

Tubular canal that extends from the exterior of the body to the uterine cervix

A

Vagina

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42
Q

The vagina is situated between the:

A

Urinary bladder and the rectum

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43
Q

A recess, surrounds the cervix

A

Fornix

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44
Q

Contraceptive diaphragm rests on the

A

Fornix

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45
Q

The mucosa of the vagina contains large stores of:

A

Glycogen

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46
Q

Vagina

The decomposition produces organic acids

A

Glycogen

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47
Q

Acidic environment retards microbial growth

Harmful for sperm

A

Vagina

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48
Q

Neutralize the acidity of the vagina and increase viability of sperm

A

Alkaline components mainly from the seminal vesicles

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49
Q

Has the muscular layer which is composed of smooth muscle that can stretch to receive the penis during intercourse and allow for childbirth

A

Vagina

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50
Q

Thin fold of mucous membrane

Partially covers the vaginal orifice

A

Hymen

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51
Q

Diamond-shaped area between the thighs and buttocks that contains the external genitals and anus

A

Perineum

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52
Q

External genitals of the female

A

Vulva (Pudendum)

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53
Q

Elevation of adipose tissue covered by coarse pubic hair

Cushions the pubic symphysis

A

Mons Pubis

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54
Q

Two longitudinal folds of the skin

A

Labia majora

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55
Q

Singular for labia major

A

Labium majus

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56
Q

The labia major develop from the same embryonic tissue as the _____ in males

A

Scrotum

57
Q

Labia majora contains:

A

Adipose tissue

Sebaceous oil glands

Sudoriferous glands

Hair

58
Q

Medial to the labia majora

A

Labia minora

59
Q

Labia minor do not contain:

A

Pubic hair or fat

60
Q

Small, cylindrical mass of erectile tissue and nerves

A

Clitoris

61
Q

The clitoris is located at the:

A

Anterior junction of the labia minora

62
Q

Covers the body of the clitoris

A

Prepuce

63
Q

Region between the labia minora

A

Vestibule

64
Q

What is inside the vestibule?

A

Hymen

Vaginal Orifice
-Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin)

External urethral orifice
-Paraurethral glands (Skene)

65
Q

Modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands that produce milk

A

Mammary glands

66
Q

What muscles do the breasts lie over?

A

Pectoralis major

Serratus anterior

67
Q

Nipple has ____ spaced openings of ducts where milk emerges

A

closely

68
Q

Circular pigmented area of skin surrounding the nipple is:

A

Areola

69
Q

Areola appears rough because it contains:

A

Modified sebaceous (oil) glands

70
Q

Each mammary gland consists of ___ lobes arranged radially

A

15-20

71
Q

Support the breast

A

Suspensory ligaments (Cooper’s Ligaments)

72
Q

Milk secreting glands

A

Alveoli

73
Q

When milk is being produced, how does it pass?

A

Alveoli into a series of tubules that drain toward the nipple

74
Q

Female breasts develop from:

A

Puberty under the influence of estrogens and progesterone

75
Q

What increases breast size during puberty?

A

Fat being deposited

76
Q

Functions of the mammary glands, also known as lactation

A

Synthesis

Secretion

Ejection

77
Q

Milk production is stimulated by:

A

Prolactin from the anterior pituitary

Contributed from progesterone and estrogen

78
Q

Ejection of milk is stimulated by:

A

Oxytocin (Posterior pituitary)

79
Q

During reproductive years, non-pregnant females normally exhibit ______ changes in the ovaries and uterus

A

Cyclical

80
Q

Formation and development of gametes in females

A

Oogensis

81
Q

Hormones secreted by what areas control oogensis?

A

Hypothalamus

Anterior pituitary

Ovaries

82
Q

Released by the ovaries and control the uterine (menstrual) cycle

A

Steroid hormones

83
Q

A concurrent series of changes in the endometrium of the uterus to prepare it for the arrival of a fertilized ovum and will develop there until birth

A

Uterine (Menstrual) cycle

84
Q

If fertilization does not occur, the levels of ovarian hormones _________

A

Decrease

85
Q

Secreted by the hypothalamus, controls the ovarian and uterine cycles

A

GnRH

86
Q

GnRH stimulates the release of:

A

FSH and LH (Anterior Pituitary)

87
Q

Initiates follicular growth and the secretion of estrogens by the growing follicles

A

FSH

88
Q

Stimulates the FURTHER DEVELOPMENT of ovarian follicles and their FULL SECRETION of estrogens

A

LH

89
Q

At mid-cycle, what hormone triggers ovulation and then promotes formation of the corpus luteum

A

LH

90
Q

Stimulated by what hormone, the corpus luteum produces and secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin

A

LH

91
Q

What hormone promotes the development and maintenance of:

Female reproductive structures

Feminine secondary sex characteristics

Mammary glands

A

Estrogen

92
Q

Distribution of adipose tissue in the breasts, abdomen, mons pubis, and hips

A broad pelvis

Pattern of hair growth on the head and body

A

Secondary sex characteristics

93
Q

Estrogens stimulate protein synthesis by acting together with:

A

Insulin-like growth factors

Insulin

Thyroid hormones

94
Q

What lowers Blood cholesterol level?

A

Estrogen

95
Q

Secreted mainly by cells of the corpus luteum, acts together with estrogens to prepare and then maintain the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized ovum and to prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion

A

Progesterone

96
Q

Produced by the corpus luteum during each monthly cycle, relaxes the uterus by inhibiting contractions of the myometrium

A

Relaxin

97
Q

Implantation of a fertilized ovum occurs more readily in a “______” uterus

A

Quiet

98
Q

During pregnancy the placenta produces more _______ and continues to relax uterine smooth muscle

A

Relaxin

99
Q

Increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and helps dilate the uterine cervix, both of which ease delivery of the baby

A

Relaxin

100
Q

Secreted by growing follicles and by the corpus luteum after ovulation

A

Inhibin

101
Q

Inhibin inhibits secretion of ____

A

FSH

102
Q

The duration of the female reproductive cycle

A

24-36 days

103
Q

Four phases of the female reproductive system

A

Menstrual

Pre-ovulatory

Ovulation

Post-ovulatory

104
Q

First five days of the cycle

A

Menstrual phase

105
Q

What happens to the ovarian follicles during the menstrual phase?

A

Grow and enlarge

106
Q

Amount of blood and tissue in the menstrual flow

A

50-150mL

107
Q

Menstrual discharge occurs because the declining level of:

A

Ovarian hormones, which causes uterine arteries to constrict

108
Q

The menstrual flow passes from the uterine cavity to the:

A

Cervix and through the vagina to the exterior

109
Q

The cycle accounts for most of the variation in cycle length

A

Pre-ovulatory phase

110
Q

Cycle that lasts between 6 to 13 days

A

Pre-ovulatory cycle

111
Q

Under the influence of what hormone causes several follicles to continue to grow and begin to secrete estrogens and inhibin

A

FSH

112
Q

Day __, a single follicle in one of the two ovaries has outgrown all the others to become the dominant follicle

A

Day 6

113
Q

What hormones secreted by the dominant follicle decrease the secretion of FSH?

A

Estrogens

Inhibin

114
Q

The one dominant follicle becomes the:

A

Mature (Graafian) follicle

115
Q

The mature follicle grows and forms a _______ on the surface of the ovary

A

Blister like bulge

116
Q

During maturation, the follicle continues to increase its production of estrogens under the influence of an increasing level of _____

A

LH

117
Q

The menstrual and pre-ovulatory phase together are termed the:

A

Follicular phase

118
Q

Phases when the ovarian follicles are growing and developing

A

Menstrual phase and pre-ovulatory phase (Follicular phase)

119
Q

Hormones liberated into the blood by growing ovarian follicles stimulate the repair of the endometrium

A

Estrogen

120
Q

What occurs when the endometrium thickens?

A

Short, straight endometrial glands develop

Arterioles coil and lengthen

121
Q

What cycle causes the rupture of the mature follicle?

A

Ovulation

122
Q

Ovulation usually occurs on day ___

A

14

123
Q

High levels of estrogens during the last part of the pre-ovulatory phase exert a _______ feedback effect on both LH and GnRH

A

Positive

124
Q

High levels of ______ stimulates the hypothalamus to release more GnRH and the anterior pituitary

A

Estrogens

125
Q

Brings about rupture of the mature (graafian) follicle and expulsion of a secondary oocyte

A

LH Surge

126
Q

Time between ovulation and onset of the next menstruation

A

Postovulatory phase

127
Q

Cycle that lasts for 14 days

Day 15 to 28

A

Postovulatory phase

128
Q

After ovulation, the mature follicle collapses. Stimulated by LH, the remaining follicular cells enlarge and form the:

A

Corpus luteum (yellow body)

129
Q

Mature follicle collapses.

The remaining follicular cells enlarge and form the corpus luteum

What is this phase called?

A

Luteal phase

130
Q

If the oocyte is not fertilized, the corpus luteum lasts for only ___ weeks

A

2 weeks

131
Q

As levels of progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin decrease, release of GnRH, FSH, and LH rises due to loss of _______ feedback

A

Negative

132
Q

If the secondary oocyte is fertilized and begins to divide, the corpus luteum persists for how long?

A

Past its normal two week lifespan

133
Q

What hormone rescues the secondary oocyte from degeneration?

A

HCG

134
Q

HCG is produced by the embryo at ____ days after fertilization

A

8 days

135
Q

Stimulates the secretory activity of corpus luteum

A

HCG

136
Q

What promotes growth of the Endometrial glands?

A

Progesterone and estrogens produced by the corpus luteum

137
Q

Secretes glycogen and vascularization and thickening of the endometrium

A

Endometrial glands

138
Q

Endometrial gland secretions peak about how long after ovulation?

A

One week

Genitourinary (8 decks)

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