Ch1 Structure and Functionality Flashcards
1
Q
The urinary system consists of:
A
Two Kidneys
Two Ureters
One Bladder
One Urethra
2
Q
Scientific study of the anatomy, physiology, and disorders of the kidneys
A
Nephrology
3
Q
Branch of medicine that deals with male and female urinary system, and the male reproductive system
A
Urology
4
Q
Five functions of the kidneys
A
Regulation of ION levels in the blood
Regulation of blood VOLUME and PRESSURE
Regulation of blood pH
Production of HORMONES
Excretion of WASTE
5
Q
What enzyme helps regulate blood pressure?
A
Renin
6
Q
What helps regulate the blood pH?
A
Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and Hydrogen ions (H+)
7
Q
What two hormones does the kidneys produce?
A
Calcitriol
Erythropoietin
8
Q
Stimulates the production of red blood cells
A
Erythropoietin
9
Q
Active form of vitamin D, helps regulate calcium homeostasis
A
Calcitriol
10
Q
Wastes that the kidneys excrete
A
Ammonia (amino acids)
Bilirubin (hemoglobin)
Creatinine (muscle fibers)
Uric Acid (nucleic acids)
Other wastes (Diet, Drugs, Environmental toxins)
11
Q
What vertebrae do the kidneys lie on?
A
12th Thoracic and first Three lumber vertebrae
12
Q
Provide some protection for the superior parts of the kidneys
A
11th and 12th ribs
13
Q
Which kidney is lower?
A
Right
14
Q
An adult kidney is about the size of a:
A
Bar of soap
15
Q
Where the ureter, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter/exit the kidney
A
Renal Hilum
16
Q
A connective tissue sheath that helps maintain the shape of the kidney and serves as a barrier against trauma
A
Smooth, transparent renal capsule
17
Q
Surrounds the renal capsule, cushions the kidney, and anchors the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall
A
Adipose tissue
18
Q
Two main regions of the kidneys
A
Renal Cortex
Renal Medulla
19
Q
Outer light-red region
A
Renal cortex
20
Q
Darker red-brown region
A
Renal Medulla
21
Q
Within the renal medulla are several:
A
Cone-shaped renal pyramids
22
Q
What fills the spaces between renal pyramids?
A
Renal Columns (extension of the renal cortex)
23
Q
Urine formed in the kidney passes from thousands of papillary ducts within the renal pyramids into cuplike structures called:
A
Minor Calyces
24
Q
Each kidney has ___ minor calyces
A
8-12
25
From the minor calyces, urine flows into __ major calyces
2-3
26
After major calyces, urine flows into:
Single large cavity, Renal Pelvis
27
What drains urine into the ureter?
Renal pelvis
28
___% of resting cardiac output flows into the kidneys through the right and left renal arteries
20-25% (1200 mL per minute)
29
Renal artery divides into smaller vessels that eventually deliver blood to the:
Afferent arterioles
30
Each afferent arteriole divides into a tangled capillary network called:
Glomerulus
31
The capillaries of the glomerulus reunite to form:
Efferent arteriole
32
Each efferent arteriole divides to form a network of capillaries around the:
Kidney tubules
33
Peritubular capillaries reunite to form bigger veins which eventually drain into the:
Renal vein
34
Functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
35
Number of nephrons in each kidney
1 million
36
Two parts of the nephron
Renal Corpuscle
Renal Tubule
37
Where blood plasma is filtered
Renal Corpuscle
38
Where filtered fluid, called glomerular filtrate passes
Renal Tubule
39
As fluid moves through the renal tubules, wastes and excess substances are added, and useful materials are returned to blood in the:
Peritubular capillaries
40
Two parts that make up a renal corpuscle
Glomerulus
Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
41
Glomerular filtrate first enters the glomerular capsule and then passes into the:
Renal Tubule
42
The order fluid passes through the three main sections of the renal tuble
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
43
Means the tubule is tightly coiled rather than straight
Convoluted
44
The renal corpuscle and both convoluted tubules lie within the:
Renal cortex
45
Location of the loop of Henle
Begins in the cortex and extends into the renal medulla
Hairpin turn back into the cortex
46
Distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons empty into a:
Common collecting duct
47
Several collecting ducts merge to form a:
Papillary duct
48
Order in which papillary ducts merge into:
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
49
Three basic functions of nephrons
Glomerular Filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
50
Forcing of fluids and dissolved substances smaller than a certain size through a membrane by pressure
Filtration
51
First step in urine production
Glomerular filtration
52
What forces water and most solutes in blood plasma across the wall of glomerular capillaries to form glomerular filtrate?
Blood pressure
53
Filtered fluid flows along the renal tubule and through the collecting duct
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
54
Tubule and duct cells return about __% of the filtered water to blood through peritubular capillaries
99%
55
Filtered fluid has undergone tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion and enters the minor and major calyx
Urine
56
Two layers of cells that compose the glomerular capsule
Podocytes
Glomerular endothelium
57
Space between the renal corpuscle and the glomerular capsule
Capsular space
58
Cells that make up the inner wall of the glomerular capsule
Podocytes
59
Podocytes and glomerular endothelium form a filtration membrane that permits the passage of _____ from blood into the capsular space
Water and solutes
60
Forms the outer layer of the glomerular capsule
Simple squamous epithelial cells
61
Pressure that causes filtration
BP in the glomerular capillaries
62
Two pressures that oppose glomerular filtration
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
Glomerular capsule pressure
63
Net filtration pressure is normally:
10 mmHg
64
Net filtration forces how many liters of fluid into the capsular space for males & females daily?
Males: 180 L
Females: 150 L
65
Glomerular capillary blood pressure - (Blood colloidal pressure + Glomerular capsule pressure)
Net filtration pressure
66
Constriction of the afferent arteriole
Decreases blood flow into the glomerulus
Decreases net filtration pressure
67
Constriction of the efferent arteriole
Slows outflow of blood
Increases net filtration pressure
68
The amount of filtrate that forms in both kidneys every minute
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
69
GFR for adult males and females
Males: 125 mL/min
Females: 105 mL/min
70
Hormone that promotes loss of sodium ions and water in the urine in part because it increases glomerular filtration rate
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
71
Cells in the atria of the heart secrete more ANP if the heart is:
Stretched out (More blood volume)
72
ANP acts on kidneys to increase loss of:
Sodium ions and water
73
Blood vessels of the kidneys are ______ neurons of the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic
74
Filtered fluid becomes tubular fluid once it enters the:
Proximal convoluted tubule
75
__% of the water in glomerular filtrate actually leaves the body in urine
1%
76
What cells carry tubular reabsorption?
Epithelial cells all along the renal tubules and collecting ducts
77
Tubule cells that reabsorb 65% of filtered water, 100% of the filtered glucose and amino acids, and large quantities of ions
Proximal convoluted tubule
78
What cells fine-tune reabsorption to maintain homeostatic balances of water and selected ions?
Cells located distal to the proximal convoluted tubule
79
Kidneys
Secreted substances include:
Hydrogen ions (H+)
Potassium (K+)
Ammonia (NH3)
Urea
Creatinine
Drugs (Penicillin)
80
Poisonous waste product that is produced when amino groups are removed from amino acids
Ammonia
81
Liver cells convert most ammonia into:
Urea
82
Urea and ammonia in blood are both filtered at the glomerulus and secreted by the:
Proximal convoluted tubule cells into the tubular fluid
83
Normal blood pH
7.35-7.45
84
To eliminate acids, the cells of the renal tubules secrete
H+ (hydrogen)
85
Most important hormonal regulators of ion reabsorption and secretion are:
Angiotensin II
Aldosterone
86
Found in the proximal convoluted tubules, enhances the reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-
Angiotensin II
87
Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release:
Aldosterone
88
Hormone that stimulates the tubule cells in the last part of the distal convoluted tubules and through the collecting ducts to reabsorb more Na+ and Cl- and secrete more K+
Aldosterone
89
Major regulator of blood K+ level
Aldosterone
90
An elevated level of K+ in plasma causes:
Serious disturbances in cardiac rhythm or cardiac arrest
91
Plays a minor role in inhibiting the reabsorption of Na+
ANP
92
GFR increases
Na+, Cl-, and water reabsorption decrease
More water and salt are lost in urine, lowering Blood Pressure
93
The major hormone that regulates water reabsorption is
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
94
ADH operates via:
Negative feedback loop
95
Stimulates the release of ADH
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulate the release from the posterior pituitary
96
ADH is stimulated to be released when the concentration of water in blood decreases by __%
1%
97
ADH acts on tubule cells in ____ convoluted tubules and through the collecting ducts
Last part of the distal convoluted tubules
98
Increases water permeability in the last part of distal convolute tubules by insertion of proteins that function as water channels
ADH
99
With ADH the kidneys can produce as little as ____ mL daily of very concentrated urine
400-500mL
100
Lower than normal levels of Ca2+ in blood stimulates the parathyroid glands to release:
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
101
PTH stimulates cells in the _____ convoluted tubules to reabsorb more Ca2+ into the blood
Distal convoluted tubules
102
PTH inhibits _____ reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubules, thereby promoting _____ excretion
Phosphate - HPO4(2-)
103
Volume of urine eliminated per day in a normal adult
1-2 liters
104
Water accounts for about __% of the total volume of urine
95%
105
Ureters transport urine from ______ of one of the kidneys to the bladder
Renal Pelvis
106
If the physiological valve of the ureters under the bladder is not functional, what may occur?
Cystitis then Kidney Infection
107
Three layers of a ureter
Mucosa (transitional epithelium - stretch)
Smooth muscle
Areolar connective tissue (blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves)
108
Hollow muscular organ behind the pubic symphysis
Bladder
109
Location of the bladder for females
Infront of the vagina and below the uterus
110
Bladder capacity
700-800 mL
111
The mucosa of the bladder contains
Transitional epithelium
112
Muscular layer of the urinary bladder that consists of three layers
Detrusor muscle
113
Peritoneum forms what kind of coat on the superior surface of the bladder?
Serous outer coat
114
Terminal portion of the urinary system
Urethra
115
Location of the urethra in females
Directly behind the pubic symphysis, embedded in the front wall of the vagina
116
Females
Opening of the urethra lies between:
Clitoris and vaginal opening
117
Males
Urethra passes directly through:
Prostate, deep perineal muscles, and penis
118
The opening and closing of the internal urethral sphincter is:
Involuntary
119
External urethral sphincter:
Composed of skeletal muscle
Voluntary
120
The urinary bladder stores urine prior to its elimination and then expels urine into the urethra by an act called:
Micturition
121
Stretch receptors of the bladder transmit nerve impulses to the spinal cord when how much volume is present?
200-400 mL
122
Nervous system
Impulses from the spinal cord cause contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter muscle
Parasympathetic
123
Spinal cord inhibits ______ motor neurons, causing relaxation of skeletal muscle in the external urethral sphincter
Somatic
124
Causes a sensation of fullness that initiates a conscious desire to urinate before the micturition reflex actually occurs
Bladder filling
125
Body fluids make up __% of total body mass
55-60%
126
____ of body fluid is intracellular fluid (cytosol)
Two-thirds
127
1/3 of body fluid
Extracellular
128
__% of extracellular fluid is interstitial fluid
80%
129
__% of extracellular fluid is blood plasma
20%
130
Other extracellular fluids that are grouped with interstitial fluid:
Lymph
CSF
Synovial joint fluid
Aqueous humor
Endolymph/perilymph (ears)
Pleural, pericardial, peritoneal fluids
131
Two barriers that separate intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid
Plasma membranes of cells
Blood vessel walls
132
Small enough to permit the exchange of water and solutes between blood plasma and interstitial fluid
Capillaries
133
Largest single component of the body
__% of total body mass
Water
45-75%
134
Provide for the continual exchange of water and solutes among body fluid compartments
Filtration, reabsorption, diffusion, and osmosis
135
Primary means of water movement between intracellular and interstitial fluid
Osmosis
136
Determines the direction of water movement
Concentration of water solutes
137
Most solutes in the body are
Electrolytes
138
Main contributors to the osmotic movement of water
Electrolytes
139
The body can gain water by:
Ingestion and metabolic reactions
140
Ingested liquids
1600 mL
141
Moist foods
700 mL
142
Metabolic water gain
200 mL
143
Metabolic water production is mainly produced during
Aerobic cellular respiration
Dehydration
144
Daily water gains total
2500 mL
145
Kidney volume of secreted urine
1500 mL
146
Volume of water evaporated from skin
600 mL
147
Lungs exhale ___ mL of water vapor
300 mL
148
Water eliminated from feces
100 mL
149
Governs the urge to drink
Hypothalamus "Thirst Center"
150
Mild dehydration occurs when __% of fluid loss occurs
2%
151
Stimulate the thirst center
Osmoreceptors
Increased Angiotensin II
152
Elimination of excess body water or solutes occurs mainly by:
Controlling the amount lost in urine
153
The extent of ____ loss is the main factor that determines body fluid volume
Urinary Salt (NaCl)
154
Two main solutes in ECF and urine
Sodium (Na)
Chloride (Cl)
155
Three hormones that regulate the extent of renal Na and Cl reabsorption
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Angiotensin II
Aldosterone
156
A salty meal leads to:
Increase in blood volume
157
The major hormone that regulates water loss is
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
158
Stimulates the release of ADH
Increase in osmotic pressure (decrease in water concentration)
159
Promotes the insertion of water channels into the plasma membranes of cells in the collecting ducts of kidneys
ADH
160
An increase in osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid causes:
Fluid being drawn out of cells (shrinkage)
161
A decrease in osmotic pressure causes cells to:
Swell
162
Changes in osmotic pressure most often result from changes in the concentration of:
Na+
163
Inhibits the secretion of ADH
Decrease in the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid
164
Most abundant extracellular ions
Representing 90%
Na+ ions
165
Accounts for almost half of the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid
Na+
166
Necessary for the generation and conduction of action potentials in neurons and muscles fibers
Na+
167
Most prevalent anions in extracellular fluid
Chloride ions (Cl-)
168
Most plasma membranes contains __ leakage channels
Cl-
169
Most abundant cations in intracellular fluid
Potassium ions (K+)
170
Play a key role in establishing the resting membrane potential and in the repolarization phase of action potentials in neurons and muscle fibers
Potassium (K+)
171
When K+ move into or out of cells, it often is exchanged for ____ and thereby helps regulate the pH of body fluids
H+
172
__% of the calcium in adults is in the skeleton and teeth
98%
173
In body fluids calcium is mainly an:
Extracellular cation (Ca+)
174
Two main regulators of Ca2+ (calcium) level in blood plasma are:
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Calcitriol
175
Form of vitamin D that acts as a hormone
Calcitriol
176
Low plasma of Ca2+ promotes release of more PTH which stimulates ______ to release Ca2+
Osteoclasts
177
Enhances reabsorption of Ca2+ from glomerular filtrate back into blood and increases production of calcitriol
PTH
178
Increases Ca2+ absorption from the GI tract
Calcitriol
179
Fours general functions of electrolytes
Ions control the OSMOSIS of water
Ions help maintain the ACID-BASE balance
Ions carry ELECTRICAL CURRENT
Serve as COFACTORS needed for optimal ACTIVITY of enzymes
180
Difference between plasma and interstitial fluids
Plasma has many protein ions
181
The difference in protein concentration is largely responsible for the
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
182
The difference in osmotic pressure between blood plasma and interstitial fluid
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
183
Diet containing large amount of proteins can result in:
Cellular metabolism which produces more acids
184
pH of blood
7.35-7.45
185
Three mechanisms that remove H+ from body fluids
Buffer Systems
Exhalation of carbon dioxide
Kidney excretion of urine
186
Substances that act quickly to temporarily bind H+, removing the highly reactive, excess H+ from solution but not from the body
Buffers
187
The principle buffer systems of the body fluids
Protein buffer system
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
Phosphate buffer system
188
Most abundant buffer in intracellular fluid and plasma
Protein buffer system
189
Buffer system based on HCO3-
Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System
190
Components of the phosphate buffer system are the ion:
Dihydrogen phosphate H2PO(4)-
Mono-Hydrogen phosphate HPO4(2)-
191
Concentration of phosphates is highest in:
Intracellular fluid
192
An increase in CO2 results in:
Increase in H+
Decrease in pH
193
Decrease in CO2 results in:
Decrease in H+
Increase in pH
194
Increased ventilation results in:
More CO2 exhaled
H+ falls
pH rises
195
Low ventilation rate results in:
Increase in CO2
Increase in H+
Decrease in pH
196
What stimulates the inspiratory area of the medulla oblongata when blood acidity increases?
Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata and in the aortic and carotid bodies
197
Slowest mechanism to remove acids
Urination
198
Acidosis is a condition in which arterial blood pH is below:
7.35
199
Principal physiological effect of acidosis is:
Depression of the CNS
200
Depression of the nervous system is so severe that the individual becomes disoriented, comatose, and may die
pH below 7
201
Alkalosis is a condition when blood pH reaches higher than:
7.45
202
Over-excitability in both the CNS and peripheral nerves can be caused from:
Alkalosis
203
The physiological response to an acid-base imbalance that acts to normalize arterial blood pH
Compensation
204
Respiratory compensation may begin in minutes and reaches maximum effectiveness within:
Hours
205
Renal compensation begins in minutes and takes _____ to reach maximum effectiveness
Days
