Ch 5 - Movement Science

Question 1

biomechanics

Answer 1

science of how internal and external forces act on the body

Question 2

sagittal plane

Answer 2

divides body into right and left sides; motion around coronal axis; flexion and extension, front and back, up and down

Question 3

frontal plane

Answer 3

divides body into front and back sides; motion around anterior-posterior axis; abduction and adduction, lateral flexion, inversion and eversion, side-to-side

Question 4

transverse plane

Answer 4

divides body into upper and lower halves; motion around longitudinal/vertical axis; head/trunk rotation, internal and external rotation, horizontal abduction and adduction, forearm pronation and supination, foot internal and external rotation (aka adduction and abduction); circular movements and rotation

Question 5

isotonic

Answer 5

“same tension;” force is produced and tension is developed with movement in a given ROM; eccentric and concentric

Question 6

eccentric

Answer 6

muscle develops tension while lengthening because contractile force is less than resistive force; decelerates/reduces force; moves in same direction as resistance; tension in muscle is less than external force

Question 7

negative

Answer 7

work being done on a muscle, rather than the muscle doing the work

Question 8

concentric

Answer 8

muscle exerts contractive force greater than resistive force, shortening it; moves in opposite direction of force; has visible joint movement; accelerates/produces force

Question 9

isometric

Answer 9

“same length;” muscle exerts force equal to force being placed on it, and has no movement and no visible change in length; dynamically stabilizes force

Question 10

isokinetic

Answer 10

“same motion (velocity);” muscle shortens at maximial tension and constant speed over full ROM; requires equipment

Question 11

force

Answer 11

interaction between magnitude (how much) and direction (which way), resulting in acceleration or deceleration

Question 12

length-tension relationship

Answer 12

resting length of muscle and tension it can produce there

Question 13

optimal muscle length

Answer 13

where actin and myosin filaments have greatest overlap; allows maximum force production

Question 14

force-velocity curve

Answer 14

relationship of muscle’s ability to produce tension at different shortening velocities; as concentric velocity increases, ability to develop force decreases

Question 15

force-couple relationship

Answer 15

muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint (synergistic action)

Question 16

rotary motion

Answer 16

movement of bones around joint

Question 17

torque

Answer 17

force that produces rotation; turning effect

Question 18

motor behavior

Answer 18

HMS response to internal and external stimuli; includes motor control, motor learning, and motor development

Question 19

motor control

Answer 19

how CNS integrates internal and external sensory info with previous experiences to produce a motor response; how neural structures produce movement

Question 20

motor learning

Answer 20

integration of motor control processes through practice and experiences, leading to relatively permanent change in producing skilled movements

Question 21

motor development

Answer 21

change in motor behavior over lifetime

Question 22

muscle synergies

Answer 22

groups of muscles that are recruited by CNS to provide movement

Question 23

proprioception

Answer 23

cumulative sensory input to CNS from mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movement; is altered after injury

Question 24

sensorimotor integration

Answer 24

cooperation of nervous and muscular system to gather and interpret info and execute movement; CNS interprets stimuli and sends messages muscular system to produce movement

Question 25

feedback

Answer 25

use of sensory info and sensorimotor integration to aid in development of permanent neural representation of motor patterns

Question 26

internal (sensory) feedback

Answer 26

sensory info is used by body to reactively monitor movement and environment

Question 27

external (augmented) feedback

Answer 27

information from an external source

Question 28

knowledge of results

Answer 28

used after movement to inform about the outcome

Question 29

knowledge of performance

Answer 29

information about performance during exercise

Question 30

reciprocal inhibition

Answer 30

when one muscle contracts, opposing muscle is signaled to relax or lengthen

Question 31

altered reciprocal inhibition

Answer 31

optimal production of movement is impacted because one of the muscles is too lengthened or shortened