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Pharmacology > Ch. 53 Respiratory Function > Flashcards

Ch. 53 Respiratory Function Flashcards

1
Q

where does ventilation take place?

A

upper respiratory tract

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2
Q

what is the lower respiratory tract responsible for?

A

PERFUSION: gas exchange

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3
Q

Functions of the respiratory tract

A
  • brings oxygen into the body
  • allows for gas exchange
  • expels CO2 & other waste products
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4
Q

The upper respiratory tract contains what accessories

A
  • nasal cavity
  • oral cavity
  • sinuses
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
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5
Q

the lower respiratory tract contains what accessories

A
  • smallest bronchioles

- alveoli

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6
Q

where does perfusion occur?

A

alveoli

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7
Q

what are the layers of the bronchial tubes

A
  • cartilage
  • muscle
  • epithelial cells
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8
Q

components of the respiratory membrane

A
  • capillary endothelium
  • capillary basement membrane
  • interstitial space
  • alveolar basement membrane
  • alveolar epithelium
  • surfactant layer
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9
Q

Protective features of the respiratory tract include:

A
  • HAIRS: filter the air
  • GOBLET CELLS: produce mucus to trap materials
  • CILIA: move trapped material toward throat for swallowing (called ciliary escalator)
  • BLOOD SUPPLY: warms air & adds humidity to improve gas movement & gas exchange
  • COUGH AND SNEEZES: clear airways
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10
Q

cough reflex (function)

A

receptors in the trachea and conducting bronchi (super sensitive) are activated….a CNS reflex is initiated

cough causes air to be pushed with great pressure clearing the airway

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11
Q

sneeze reflex (function)

A

initiated by receptors in nasal cavity

forces foreign material DIRECTLY out of the system

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12
Q

What part of the brain is the control center of breathing?

A

Medulla Oblongata

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13
Q

PNS & CNS functions in respiration

A

PNS:
- stimulates the diaphragm during inspiration

CNS:

  • bronchodilation
  • increased rate & depth of respiration
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14
Q

inhalation

A
  • breathing in
  • diaphragm flattens = thoracic volume increases
  • lungs expand
  • air pressure w/in decreases
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15
Q

exhalation

A
  • breathing out
  • diaphragm expands & relaxes
  • thoracic volume decreases
  • the lungs compress
  • air pressure w/in lungs increases
  • air rushes out
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16
Q

Upper respiratory conditions include:

A
  • common cold
  • seasonal rhinitis
  • sinusitis
  • pharyngitis & laryngitis
17
Q

lower respiratory conditions include:

A
  • atelectasis
  • pneumonia
  • bronchitis
18
Q

Obstructive disorders include:

A
  • asthma
  • COPD
  • cystic fibrosis
  • respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
  • acute respiratory distress (ARDS)
19
Q

Atelactasis

A

definition:
the collapse of once-expanded lung tissue

occurrence:

  • outside pressure against alveoli
  • most commonly occurs from blockage of the airway
  • seen in pt. that have been in car accidents due to air bag
20
Q

Pneumonia

A

Definition:
Inflammation of the lungs

Causes:

  • bacterial or viral invasion of the tissue
  • aspiration of foreign substances into the lower respiratory tract

Symptoms:

  • fatigue
  • fever
  • difficulty breathing
  • noisy breath sounds
  • poor oxygenation
21
Q

Bronchitis

A

Definition:
-narrowed airway during inflammation

Causes:
(acute)
-bacteria, viruses, or foreign materials infect inner layer of bronchi
-narrowed airway
-usually comes from infection such as cold or flu
(chronic)
- doesn’t clear

22
Q

Asthma

A

definition:
-REVERSIBLE bronchospasm, inflammation, and hyperactive airways

occurrence:

  • triggered by allergens or nonallergic irritants or exercise and emotions
  • histamines are released
  • cytokine-mediated inflammation, mucous production, & edema = obstruction

NOTE: patients usually have wheezing lung sounds

Extreme Asthma = Status Asthmaticus

23
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A

definition:

  • PERMANENT chronic obstruction
  • over inflated lungs & poor gas exchange

causes:

-smoking

-emphysema
loss of elastic tissue of lungs, destruction alveolar walls & hyperinflation of alveoli

-chronic bronchitis
permanent inflammation of airway w/ mucous secretion = edema

24
Q

cystic fibrosis

A
  • hereditary disease
  • very thick secretions in the lungs = destruction of lung tissue
  • no cure only medicine to decrease secretion
25
Q

RDS

A
  • seen in premature babies
  • have yet to develop surfactant
  • can’t breathe
26
Q

ARDS

A

progressive loss of lung compliance & increasing hypoxia

27
Q

Common Cold

A

Cause:

  • virus invades tissue -> initiates histamine release & postaglandins -> inflammatory response
  • mucous membrane becomes engorged w/blood
  • tissue swells
  • increase mucous production

Symptoms:

  • sinus pain
  • nasal congestion
  • runny nose
  • sneezing
  • watery eyes
  • scratchy throat
  • headache
  • ear stuffiness (sometimes)
28
Q

seasonal rhinitis

A

Cause:
-respond to a specific antigen (pollen , dust, mold)
w/ inflammatory response

Symptoms:

  • nasal congestion
  • sneezing
  • stuffiness
  • watery eyes
29
Q

sinusitis

A

cause:
-epithelial lining of the sinus cavities become inflamed (swelling)

Symptoms:

  • severe pain
  • blockage of sinus passage

Note:
if left untreated microbes can travel up the sinus & into the brain (BIGGER PROBLEM)

30
Q

Pharyngitis & Laryngitis

A

cause:

  • infection of the pharynx & larynx caused by bacteria of viruses
  • seen w/ influenza

symptoms:

  • inflammation
  • fever
  • muscle aches/pains
  • malaise

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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