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Geog 101 (Introduction to Geography) > Ch. 6-10 > Flashcards

Ch. 6-10 Flashcards

1
Q

culture traits

A

units of learned behavior, ex; how to use a tool. object, technique, belief, or attitude.

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2
Q

culture complex

A

made up of culture traits. ex; buying a car is a rite of passage

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3
Q

culture system

A

refers to a bunch of culture complexes shared by a group in a territory

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4
Q

culture region

A

portion of Earth occupies by people sharing distinctive cultural characteristics

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5
Q

culture realm

A

related culture regions

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6
Q

culture subsystems
t/s/i

A

technological (material objects)
sociological (guides social interactions)
ideological (ideas, beliefs, and how they are expressed)

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7
Q

cultural ecology

A

study of relationship between culture group and natural environment it occupies

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8
Q

environmental determinism vs. possibilism

A

physical environment dictated advances societies

people are the dynamic force of cultural development, not the environment

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9
Q

cultural landscape

A

earth’s surface as modified by human action

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10
Q

culture hearth

A

describes areas of innovation in. the world where culture elements diffused to other areas. the ‘cradle’ of a culture group. ex; sushi n japan

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11
Q

spatial diffusion

A

the process where a concept, practice, etc. spreads from origin point to other territories

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12
Q

folk, material, nonmaterial, and popular culture

A

f: tradition
m: physical things
n: artifacts in oral tradition and folk song
p: the opposition and replacement to folk culture. leveling and liberating

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13
Q

pidgin vs. creole vs. lingua franca

A

p: mix of languages, usually a simplified form of one of them.
c: a pidgin as a first language
lf: established language used for communication, a second language

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14
Q

universalizing vs. ethnic vs. tribal religions

A

u: applicable to all humans
e: strong territorial identification, ex; judaism
t: small and localized

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15
Q

ethnoburb

A

suburban community with a concentrated ethnic group

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16
Q

permanent vs. circular migration

A

p: relocating with no intention of return

m: planning to return

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17
Q

immigration and nationality act of 1965

A

repealed racist immigration quotas that favored white europeans. set a skills requirement to try and be exclusionary

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18
Q

forced/reluctant migration

A

slavey, penal colonies (ex; Australia)

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19
Q

globalization is now being understood as:

A

exploitation!

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20
Q

nagorno karabakh

A

september 2023, armenian terriroty in azerbaizan. it gets invaded and people leave overnight from fear of ethnic cleansing

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21
Q

sudan, khartoum

A

fight over the capital between two warlords. refugees in. the country have been displaced several times now

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22
Q

smil on migration

A

migration is ancient. it’s an early way of life, 1500BC.

international vs. urban

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23
Q

immigration pre-WWI (smil)

A

educated vs. workers. immigration falls when europe returns to prosperity, and slows down between the wars

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24
Q

immigration post-WWII (smil)

A

virtually all migration to urban areas, shift from chasing opportunity to escaping bad situations

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25
Q

distance decay

A

decline of activity the further you get from the point of origin

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26
Q

critical distance

A

past a certain threshold, your willingness to interact with another area. frictionless zone vs. the friction of distance

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27
Q

territoriality

A

emotional attachment to an defense of the home ground.

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28
Q

activity space

A

the extended home range of which we more freely around on our rounds of regular activity. generally limited.

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29
Q

contagious diffusion

A

an idea that diffuses until barriers are met of the entire area is saturated

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30
Q

hierarchical diffusion

A

spread of innovation up or down a hierarchy of places, ex; city to rural

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31
Q

migration

A

permanent relocation of place of residence and activity space. forced, reulctant.

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32
Q

place utility

A

the value that an individual puts on a residential site

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32
Q

step migration

A

transition from rural, to suburb, to city (done in smaller, less drastic steps)

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33
Q

chain migration

A

indicates that the mover is part of an established migrant flow

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34
Q

migration field

A

area(s) that dominate a locale’s in and out migration patterns.

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35
Q

return migration/countermigration

A

return of migrant to the regions they previously left

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36
Q

supply routes are important…

A

but they’re not as important as they used to be with the expansion of trade.

37
Q

drybulk vs. tanker vs. container carriers

A

d: unpackaged cargo, dry goods
t: transport liquids like oil or orange juice
c: meant to be put onto a truck

38
Q

intermodal transportation

A

moving freight by two or more modes of transport, critical to post-wwii trade

39
Q

strait of hormuz

A

most important chokepoint. where oil flows out of the middle east

40
Q

UNCLOS

A

1980s, determined international maritime law.

territorial sea (12 n. miles): sail, no fishing allowed

contiguous zone (24 n. miles): buffer zone

exclusive economic zone (0-infinite): just trade, extends over the continental shelf to the shore. that state has exclusive rights to the resources located there.

41
Q

orientalism (t.e. lawrence)

A

tendency of western societies to see arabs as one group, rather than as human individuals.

42
Q

t. e. lawrence did this…

A

he made a map of the middle east post-wwii that respected existing cultural boundaries. map of what might’ve been

43
Q

political geography

A

study of the organization and spatial distribution of political phenomena

44
Q

empire vs. nation

A

e: several culturally distinct regions help together by force under the control of one dominant region

n: group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory, bound together by shared beliefs or values

45
Q

nation state

A

state whole territory coincides with a nation

46
Q

antecedent vs. subsequent boundaries
a/s/c/s

A

a: drawn across an area before it is well populated

s: boundaries draws after the development of a cultural landscape

consequential: subsequent, border that accommodates existing religions/ethnicities/languages

superimposed: subsequent, forced upon cultural landscapes by a colonizing power

47
Q

centripetal vs. centrifugal forces

A

they unify or divide the state

48
Q

subnationalism

A

many people give their primary allegiant to traditional groups or nations smaller than the population of the entire state

49
Q

regionalism

A

strong minority group self-awareness and identification with a region rather than with the state

50
Q

irredentism

A

desire to expand country’s boundaries, people in one state want to claim a territory whose population is historically/ethnically relates to theirs.

ex; transylvania and romania/hungary

51
Q

devolution

A

decentralization of political control

52
Q

supranationalism

A

3+ states associated for mutual benefit

53
Q

core area

A

original center of a state, usually has the densest population and largest cities

54
Q

single member plurality vs. majoritarian system of elections

A

sm: entire country divided into districts with one representative who got the most votes

m: the winner must have a majority of the votes

55
Q

gerrymandering

A

the drawing of legislative district boundaries to give one party or group of voters an electoral advantage

56
Q

stacked vs. excess vote vs. wasted vote

A

s: draw boundaries to enclose strength or weakness

ev: concentration of supporters of one party in a few districts (everyone votes one way, so their votes are in excess)

wv: dilutes a group’s strength by dividing voters across several districts

57
Q

at-large voting

A

numbered order creates the gov’t position (1st place, 2nd, and 3rd make the cut)

58
Q

there was little redistricting during the industrial revolution because…

A

immigrants came to the USA and clustered in cities, and not redistricting meant immigrants lost voting power

59
Q

colegrove v. green and baker v. carr

A

colegrove was pro gerrymandering, but it was overturned by baker.

baker: tennessee didn’t reapportion for 60+ years, which was determined to be grossly discriminatory

60
Q

charlie hunt claims that gerrymandering…

A

has historically been overexaggerated as an effect. both parties use it so it cancels out!!

the real problem is republicans and landslide districts

61
Q

challenges to the state
g/ii/n/im/in

A

globalization

international institutions are proliferating

NGO’s emerge and work across country lines

international migration being made easier

increase in nationalist movements in states with multiple cultures

62
Q

ways to classify an economy
pst/pm/dl/gn/if

A

primary, secondary, tertiary

planned vs. market (capitalism)

development levels (GPD per capita)

global north vs. global south

informal vs. formal

63
Q

informal economy

A

the activities that happen unlicensed in an economy that generate unreported earnings

64
Q

extensive vs. intensive subsistence agriculture

A

e: using large areas of land with minimal labor. ex; wheat

i: small land with high labor, high yield and densely populated. ex; rice

65
Q

green revolution

A

improvements to agriculture and seed development that adapted to the needs of the growing population and staved off famine

66
Q

von thunen rings

A

the greater distance you are from the marked, the higher the operating costs. ex; it’s cheaper to mass produce wheat distantly vs. directly beside the market.

67
Q

intensive commercial agriculture

A

production of crops that give high yields and high market value per unit of land

68
Q

extensive commercial agriculture

A

cheap land further from markets that doesn’t require such intensive use of the land.

69
Q

gathering vs. extractive industries

A

g: based on harvesting renewable resources. ex; fishing, forestry

e: removing nonrenewable minerals, including fuels. ex; mining, quarrying

70
Q

maximum sustainable yield

A

largest volume/rate of a thing being used that won’t hurt its ability to be renewed

71
Q

primary, secondary, tertiary economy

A

p: extraction of raw materials
s: manufacturing
t: service industries to sell/move/etc. secondary products and processes

72
Q

FIRE

A

finance insurance and real estate

73
Q

deindustrialization communities…

A

exist mostly in the interior of the state. this is where you get big empty factories and warehouses, etc.

74
Q

industrial location theory

A

it’s better to work and live in a city, where the economy is stronger and there are higher wages/steadier work.

closer proximity to markets

75
Q

weber’s least cost model

A

manufacturing location is best when it minimizes the three basic expenses: transport**, labor, and agglomeration costs

**most important!!

steel mills as an example of this - michigan, close proximity to lakes for source of good, power, and transport.

76
Q

material vs. market oriented economies

A

material: initially bulky goods that are perishable and lose weight.

market: bulky at the end, weight gains.

77
Q

spatial margin of profitability

A

businesses won’t fair if they are located in the place of maximum profit.

there are many places where businesses can succeed.

78
Q

fordism vs. post-fordism

A

fordism: rigidly controlled and highly specialized jobs, production of identical commodities. creates its own market

post-fordism: looser production that relies on demand to create the supply. leans into the existing market.

79
Q

four world manufacturing powerhouses, asian tigers and asian dragons

nm/ee/ea/we
sk/hk/s/t
m/i/t

A

northeast/midwest USA and east Canada

south korea, hong kong, singapore, taiwan

malaysia, indonesia, thailand

80
Q

comparative advantage

A

determines industrial location. suggests that countries can improve their economy by specializing on the goods they have the most advantage over, and exporting all else.

81
Q

factors of production (direct and indirect)

rm/l/fc/m
t/i/fs/gr/e/ec

A

d: raw materials, labor, financial capital, markets

indirect - outside of the production chain
i: technology, infrastructure, financial system, gov’t role, education/training, entrepreneurial climate

82
Q

agglomeration economies

A

clustering of industrial activities providing benefits to company and population that wouldn’t exist in isolation.

also known as external economies

83
Q

just in time manufacturing

A

reduced inventory. inputs are purchased just in time to be used, and outputs are produced just in time to sell.

frequent accumulation of small levels of goods (vs. fordism’s high, on-site accumulation)

84
Q

high technology products

A

incorporate research and development, technically sophisticated labor. high added value during manufacturing

gravitate to areas with good transport, good reputations, and avoid areas with high unionization

85
Q

footloose capital

A

trade transportation costs don’t determine where activity happens (ex; apple)

86
Q

ubiquitas industries

A

newspapers, bakeries, etc. that sell perishable goods and are tied to their location

87
Q

river rouge plant, mi

A

the ultimate fordist

88
Q

imb

A

the ultimate fordist to post-fordist transition

89
Q

flexible specialization

A

serves economic demand rather than creating a unique market

90
Q

maquiladoras

A

‘sister’ factories in northern mexico within 12 miles of the USA border. cheaper worker wages, employ tons of people.

Geog 101 (Introduction to Geography) (3 decks)

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