CH 6&7 SKELETAL AND BONES

Question 1

What is the term for the layers of bony matrix surrounding the cell?

Answer 1

Lamella

Question 2

____ bone looks smooth and homogenous

Answer 2

compact

Question 3

T or F: storage of lipids, attachment for muscles, and site of red blood cell formation are functions of the skeleton

Answer 3

TRUE

Question 4

the______ skeleton consists of bones that surround the body’s center of gravity

Answer 4

axis

Question 5

how many bones does the upper limb have?

Answer 5

30

Question 6

what are the two bone structures?

Answer 6

compact and spongy

Question 7

T or F: osteogenic layer is the anchoring for tendons and ligaments

Answer 7

TRUE

Question 8

Which membrane contains osteogenic cells that can differentiate into other bone cells?

Answer 8

Endosteum membrane

Question 9

T or F: yellow marrow cannot convert to red marrow

Answer 9

FALSE

Question 10

What are projections?

Answer 10

sites of muscle/ligaments attachment and pull or joint modifications

Question 11

what are depressions and openings?

Answer 11

allows blood vessels and nerves to pass

Question 12

the five major cell types are osteogenic, ______, osteocytes, _________, and osteoclasts

Answer 12

osteoblast and bone lining

Question 13

what cell is on external bone surface?

Answer 13

periosteal

Question 14

what cell is lining internal surfaces?

Answer 14

endosteal

Question 15

_______________ cells monitor and maintain bone matrix

Answer 15

oseocytes

Question 16

osteogenic cells can also be called ______

Answer 16

osteoprogenitor

Question 17

what does the ruffled borders do?

Answer 17

increases surface area for enzyme degradation of bone and seals off area from surrounding matrix

Question 18

a compact bone is also called

Answer 18

lamellar

Question 19

lacunae-

Answer 19

small cavities that contain osteocytes

Question 20

canliculi-

Answer 20

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and central canal

Question 21

T or F: spongy bone is highly organized

Answer 21

FALSE

Question 22

Endochondrial ossification forms most all bones ______ to base of skull

Answer 22

inferior

Question 23

what does epiphyseal plate closure do

Answer 23

bone lengthening ceases, bone of epiphyses and diaphyses fuses

Question 24

growth hormone-

Answer 24

most important in stimulating epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood

Question 25

thyroid hormone-

Answer 25

modulates activity of growth hormone, ensures proper proportions

Question 26

what are the two types of ossification?

Answer 26

endochondrial and intramembranous

Question 27

intramembranous ossification begins within fibrous connective tissue membranes formed by ____________ cells

Answer 27

mesenchymal

Question 28

appositional growth is growth in ____

Answer 28

width

Question 29

hypercalcemia-

Answer 29

sustained high blood calcium levels, deposits of calcium salts in blood vessels, kidneys can interfere with function

Question 30

T or F: serotonin is a hormone released by adipose tissue

Answer 30

FALSE

Question 31

what are the three fracture classifications in bone repair?

Answer 31

completeness of break, position of bone ends after fracture, whether skin is penetrated

Question 32

the reduction treatment is when the ______ of the broken bone ends

Answer 32

realignment

Question 33

list the stages of bone repair where the hematoma forms

Answer 33

torn blood vessels hemorrhage, clot (hematoma) forms, site swollen, painful and inflammed

Question 34

what are the two homeostatic imbalances?

Answer 34

osteomalacia and rickets

Question 35

what does osteomalacia do?

Answer 35

bones poorly mineralized, calcium salts not adequate, soft, weak bones, pain upon bearing weight

Question 36

what does rickets (osteomalacia of children) do?

Answer 36

bowed legs and other bone deformities, bones ends enlarged and abnormally long

Question 37

______ is a group of disease, bone resorption outplaces deposit, and spongy bone of spine and neck of femur most susceptible

Answer 37

osteporosis

Question 38

what is pagets disease

Answer 38

bone made fast and poorly, cause unknown

Question 39

T or F: pagets disease mostly always occurs before the age of 40

Answer 39

FALSE

Question 40

bone remodeling consists of both _______and ______

Answer 40

bone deposits and bone resorptions

Question 41

2 types of growth

Answer 41

axial and appendicular

Question 42

3 types of cartilage

Answer 42

hyaline, elastic, and fribro

Question 43

hyaline

Answer 43

fibers only- articular, coastal, respiratory, nasal

Question 44

elastic

Answer 44

ear and epiglottis flexibility

Question 45

firbro

Answer 45

thick collagen fibers- meniscus, pubic synthesis, vertebral discs

Question 46

what three bones have thin plates, covered by compact. no shaft/epiphyses. plates between c.t. membrane periosteum (outer layer) and endosteum no marrow cavity. hyaline cartilage covers articular surface

Answer 46

short/irregular/flat

Question 47

what are the two membranes

Answer 47

endosteum and periosteum

Question 48

_____ layer- contain stem cells (osteogenic cells) vascularized and innervated

Answer 48

osteogenic

Question 49

______ covers trabaculae of spongy bone. lines canals that pass through. contain ____ cells that can differentiate into other cells bones

Answer 49

endosteum and osteogenic

Question 50

_____ bone forming. secrete unmineralized bone matrix (osteoid)

Answer 50

osteoblasts

Question 51

________ maintain matrix mature bone cells in lacunae. stress/strain sensors. osteoclasts (cells that destory bone)

Answer 51

osteocytes

Question 52

______ reabsorption when active in resorption by and has ruffled borders derived from hematopoietic stem cells turn to machrophages

Answer 52

osteoclasts

Question 53

_____ hollow tubes of bone matrix

Answer 53

lamellae

Question 54

spongy bone

Answer 54

poorly organized. trabeculae align along lines of stress. no osteons capillaries in enosteum supply nutrients. hydroxypatities responsible for hardness

Question 55

______ bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

Answer 55

endochondrial ossification

Question 56

Intramembranes ossification

Answer 56

ossification center appears in fibrous c.t. mensesdryl cells cluster to form ossification center

Question 57

Interstitual growth requires presence of ________

Answer 57

epiphyseal cartilage

Question 58

5 zones in cartilage

Answer 58

resting, proliferating, hypertrophic, calcification, ossification zone

Question 59

_____ beneath periosteum secrete bone matrix on outside on endosteal surface

Answer 59

osteblasts

Question 60

growth hormone-

Answer 60

stimulate epiphyses plate

Question 61

thyroid hormone-

Answer 61

modulate growth hormone proper portions

Question 62

testosterone/estrogens-

Answer 62

asolescent growth spurts, end growth by fussing epiphyseal plate

Question 63

hypercalcemia

Answer 63

sustained increase in blood calcium, deposits of calcium salts in blood vessels

Question 64

leptin

Answer 64

hormone released by adipose tissue

Question 65

serotonin

Answer 65

regulate mood and sleep, made in gut, interefere with osteoblast activity, prozac can cause decrease in bone density

Question 66

_____ ossification forms most of the skeleton

Answer 66

endochondrial

Question 67

the ruffled border of ____ increased surface area for an enzyme

Answer 67

osteoclast

Question 68

spongy bone consists of a framework of honey comb called ___-

Answer 68

trabaculae

Question 69

volkmans canal- connect b.v. and nerves of ___, ____ and ____

Answer 69

periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal

Question 70

Periosteum is secured by dense connective tissue called?

Answer 70

fibrous layer

Question 71

canals that runs through core of each osteon?

Answer 71

central canal

Question 72

what type of bone is longer than wide?

Answer 72

long bone