ch. 6 bones and skeletal tissue

Question 1

cartilage does not contain

Answer 1

nerves or blood vessels

Question 2

perichondrium

Answer 2

layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage

Question 3

the three types of cartilage tissue

Answer 3

hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

Question 4

basic components of cartilage

Answer 4

cells called chondrocytes, enclosed in small cavities (acunae) with an extracellular matrix containing ground substance and fibers

Question 5

hyaline cartilage

Answer 5

provide support with flexibility and resilience; most abundant in skeletal cartilages; spherical chondrocytes; only fine college fibers in their matrix

Question 6

types of skeletal hyaline cartilages

Answer 6

articular cartilages (cover the ends of most bones at movable joints), costal cartilages (connects ribs to sternum), respiratory cartilages (form the skeleton of the larynx and reinforce respiratory passages)

Question 7

elastic cartilages

Answer 7

similar to hyaline but contains more stretchy elastic fibers; found in the external ear and the epiglottis (swallowing flap in larynx

Question 8

fibrocartilage

Answer 8

consists of roughly parallel rows of chondrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibers; high compressible and great tensile strength; occur in sits subjected to pressure and stretch

Question 9

types of cartilage growth

Answer 9

appositional growth and interstitial growth

Question 10

appositional growth

Answer 10

cartilage forming cells in the perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage tissue

Question 11

interstitial growth

Answer 11

lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix which expands cartilage from within.

Question 12

seven functions of bones

Answer 12

support, protection, anchorage, mineral storage, blood cell formation, triglyceride (fat) storage, hormone production

Question 13

where does hematopoiesis occur?

Answer 13

red marrow of certain bones

Question 14

How many bones do humans have?

Answer 14

206

Question 15

two groups of the human skeleton

Answer 15

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

Question 16

axial skeleton consists of

Answer 16

bones of the skull, veterbral column, rib cage

Question 17

appendicular skeleton consists of

Answer 17

upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach limbs to axial skeleton

Question 18

bone shape classifications

Answer 18

long, short, flat, irregular

Question 19

What are the two main layers of bone

Answer 19

compact bone and spongy bone

Question 20

compact bone is

Answer 20

external

Question 21

spongy bone is

Answer 21

internal

Question 22

What is spongy bone made up of?

Answer 22

small needle-like or flat pieces called trabeculae.

Question 23

what fills the space between trabeculae?

Answer 23

red and yellow bone marrow

Question 24

In short, irregular, and flat bones compact bone is covered outside by…

Answer 24

connective tissue membranes, respectively periosteum and endosteum

Question 25

What covers the surfaces of movable joints with short, irregular, and flat bones?

Answer 25

hyaline cartilage

Question 26

Most long bones have a general structure

Answer 26

a shaft, bone ends, and membranes

Question 27

Diaphysis

Answer 27

elongated shaft of a long bone

Question 28

medullary cavity

Answer 28

central cavity of a long bone. Contains yellow or red bone marrow

Question 29

Epiphyses

Answer 29

The end of a long bone, attached to the shaft

Question 30

epiphyseal plate

Answer 30

plate of hyaline cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis that provides for growth in the length of a long bone

Question 31

common name for epiphyseal plate

Answer 31

growth plate

Question 32

periosteum

Answer 32

double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone

Question 33

outer fibrous layer of periosteum

Answer 33

made of dense irregular connective tissue

Question 34

inner osteogenic layer of periosteum

Answer 34

contains osteoprogenitor cells (primitive stem cells that give rise to most bone cells) and osteoclasts (bone creating cells) and osteoblasts (bone breaking cells)

Question 35

osteoclast

Answer 35

bone CREATING cells

Question 36

osteoblast

Answer 36

bone BREAKING cells

Question 37

perforating fibers

Answer 37

bundles of collagen fibers that extend into the bone matrix that secure the periosteum to underlying bone

Question 38

endosteum

Answer 38

connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces

Question 39

Main vessels serving the diaphysis

Answer 39

nutrient artery and nutrient vein

Question 40

foramen

Answer 40

hole opening in a bone or between body cavities

Question 41

The nutrient artery and vein run though the...

Answer 41

nutrient foramen

Question 42

hematopoietic tissue is also called

Answer 42

red marrow

Question 43

Three types of bone markings

Answer 43

projections (that ares sites of muscle and ligament attachment), surfaces (that form joints), depressions and opening (for blood vessels and nerve)

Question 44

Five major cell types that populate bone tissue

Answer 44

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone lining cells, osteoclasts

Question 45

altername name for osteoprogenitor cells

Answer 45

osteogenic cell

Question 46

osetoprogenitor cell

Answer 46

stem cell

Question 47

osteoblast

Answer 47

matrix-synthesizing cell; responsible for bone growth

Question 48

osteocyte

Answer 48

mature bone cell; monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix

Question 49

osteoclast

Answer 49

bone-resorbing

Question 50

bone lining cells are found

Answer 50

on bone surfaces where bone remodeling is not happening

Question 51

osteon

Answer 51

system of interconnecting canals in the microscopic structure of adult compact bone; unit of bone; also called Haversian system

Question 52

lamella

Answer 52

a layer, such as of bone matrix in an osteon of compact bone

Question 53

other name for compact bone

Answer 53

lamellar bone

Question 54

central canal

Answer 54

the canal in the center of each osteon that contains minute blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve the needs of osteocytes

Question 55

perforating canals

Answer 55

canals that run at right angles to the long axis of the bone, connecting the vascular and nerve of the periosteum to those of the central canals and medullary cavity

Question 56

other name for perforating canals

Answer 56

volkmann's canals

Question 57

what occupies the lacunae

Answer 57

spider-shaped osteocytes

Question 58

canaliculi

Answer 58

hairlike canals that radiate from the lacunae, connecting them to each other

Question 59

Lacunae contains

Answer 59

osteocytes