Ch 6 Emotions, 7 Attitude, 8 Persuasion

Question 1

Describe emotions

Answer 1

brief and specific psychological and physiological responses

Question 2

How are moods and emotional disorders different than emotions?

Answer 2

moods may not have a specific reason, emotional disorders have biological underpinnings; moods last hours or days and emotional disorders last weeks, months or years

Question 3

What is the universality of emotions?

Answer 3

emotional responses are innate and universal, all humans have the same face muscles and express emotions similarly

Question 4

What are the 6 universal emotions?

Answer 4

happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise, and anger

Question 5

How emotions culturally specific?

Answer 5

they can be shown more in the eyes or mouth in different cultures; focal and ideal emotions and display rules

Question 6

What are the purpose of emotions?

Answer 6

they help us interpret out environment and can prompt us to act

Question 7

What are focal emotions?

Answer 7

the emotions that are commonly in a culture ex Mexico-pride Tibet-compassions

Question 8

What are ideal emotions?

Answer 8

the emotions cultures differently value or idealize ex US-excitement East Asia-calmness

Question 9

What are display rule?

Answer 9

rules that govern how, when and to whom people express emotions

Question 10

How do emotions influence perception?

Answer 10

we perceive events in ways that are constant with the emotions we feel in the moment

Question 11

What is the broaden and build hypothesis?

Answer 11

positive emotions broaden our thoughts and. actions, intellectual resources build social resources

Question 12

What is the social intuitionist model of moral judgement?

Answer 12

people have automatic emotional reactions to moral situation which guide moral reactions

Question 13

What is the moral foundation theory?

Answer 13

we asses the morality of behavior based on 5 dimensions

Question 14

affective forecasting

Answer 14

predicting future emotions from an event and and for how long

Question 15

immune neglect

Answer 15

tendency to underestimate our resilience during negative life events (assume things are going to be worse)

Question 16

focalism

Answer 16

tendency to focus on only 1 aspect of an experience or event when trying to predict future emotions

Question 17

duration neglect

Answer 17

length of emotional experience has very little influence on our evaluation of experience

Question 18

What factors predict happiness?

Answer 18

money (to a certain extent) and social relationships

Question 19

peak moment/ end moment

Answer 19

we remembers the best thing that happens and last things that happens and if those are strong can predict happiness

Question 20

What is an attitude?

Answer 20

an evaluation of an object or behavior in a positive of negative way

Question 21

ABC of attitude

Answer 21

affect (emotional reaction), behavior (knowledge about interactions), cognition (thoughts about attitude)

Question 22

explicit methods of measuring attitudes

Answer 22

getting a direct response like self reporting

Question 23

implicit attitudes measuring attitudes

Answer 23

indirect measure of attitudes that does not involves self reporting and looks are response time

Question 24

response latency

Answer 24

amount of time it takes to respond to a stimulus

Question 25

what is the link between attitude and behavior

Answer 25

weak link, expressed attitudes don't predict actual behavior

Question 26

Introspection is misleading

Answer 26

introspective contamination affects attitudes (justification)

Question 27

mismatch between general attitudes and specific targets

Answer 27

general attitudes do not predict specific behaviors, general-general specific-specific

Question 28

cognitive consistency theory

Answer 28

people are motivated to maintain consistency between thought, feelings and behaviors

Question 29

cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 29

inconsistency between thought feelings and actions, leads to effort to restore consistency by either changing attitude or behavior

Question 30

When does cognitive dissonance typically occur?

Answer 30

when making decisions, to justify effort, and when being forced

Question 31

when does attitude-behavior inconsistency cause dissonance?

Answer 31

when given free choice, insufficient justification, negative consequences, and forseability

Question 32

self perception theory

Answer 32

people know their attitudes by looking at their behavior and context to infer attitude

Question 33

dual process model of persuasion

Answer 33

peripheral is fast, and automatic central is slower and more deliberate

Question 34

low elaboration

Answer 34

not motivated to carefully think, process mindlessly and effortlessly

Question 35

high elaboration

Answer 35

motivated and carefully think, process messages deeply and attentively

Question 36

factors influencing central processing

Answer 36

personally relevant, knowledgable, argument quality

Question 37

factors influencing peripheral processing

Answer 37

issue not personally relevant, tired or distracted, message hard to understand, source attractiveness or expertise

Question 38

identifiable victim effect

Answer 38

messages that focus on a single vivid individual are more persuasive than fact based messages

Question 39

attention bias

Answer 39

people seek out info that supports preexisting attitudes and avoid info that contradicts

Question 40

previous commitment resistance to persuasion

Answer 40

publicly committing to an attitude or intended behavior increases resistance to change

Question 41

thought polarization

Answer 41

think about an issue tends to produce more extreme resistant attitudes

Question 42

attitude inoculation

Answer 42

resisting a small attack on our attitude makes us feel better able to resist a larger attack

Question 43

Halo effect

Answer 43

People you like are assumed to have other good qualities

Question 44

Sleeper effect

Answer 44

When a message an unreliable source is rejected at first and as time goes on you forget the source but remember the message

Question 45

Self validation hypothesis

Answer 45

Feeling of confidence about our thoughts serve as a form of validation

Question 46

Agenda control

Answer 46

Media contributes to shaping the information we think is true and important

Question 47

Shared attention

Answer 47

When people believe they are attending to a message simultaneously w/ other people they process it more deeply