Ch 9 Social Influence, 10 Relationships and Attraction, 11 Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination

Question 1

What is social influence?

Answer 1

ways that people affect one another through changing attitudes, beliefs, feelings, or behaviors

Question 2

3 types of social influence

Answer 2

conformity, compliance, obedience

Question 3

conformity

Answer 3

do as others do, changing behavior in response to explicit or implicit pressure

Question 4

compliance

Answer 4

do as others want, changing behavior in response to explicit requests from others

Question 5

obedience

Answer 5

do as other command, changing behavior in response to a person with authority over you

Question 6

what are the 2 explanations for why people mimic others?

Answer 6

ideomotor action (thinking about it more, behavior brought to mind) and preparation for social interaction (more prosocial)

Question 7

informative social influence

Answer 7

uses other behaviors as valid information about what is appropriate, leads to internalization of majority opinion/ behavior, and actually changes attitude or beliefs

Question 8

normative social influence

Answer 8

using others be
havior as guides for how to fit in and avoid disapproval, leads to temporary public conformity w/ major opinion/ behavior w/out change in attitudes or beliefs

Question 9

What were the differences between Sherif’s conformity study and Asch’s conformity study?

Answer 9

Sherif’s Autokinetic study had an ambiguous answer and the answers converged; Asch’s line study had a clear correct answer

Question 10

factors that influence conformity

Answer 10

group size, unanimity, anonymity, expertise & status, independent vs interdependent cultures, and gender

Question 11

3 types of reason based compliance

Answer 11

door in the face, that’s not all and, foot in the door

Question 12

door in the face

Answer 12

requesting a very large favor that you know the target will decline and then making a more modest request

Question 13

that’s not all

Answer 13

adding something to the original offer making the add on feel like a gift, eliciting norm or reciprocity

Question 14

foot in the door

Answer 14

make a small initial request that anyone would agree to then follow up with a large request for what you want (consistent self image)

Question 15

emotion based compliance

Answer 15

positive and negative moods increase compliance

Question 16

negative state relief hypothesis

Answer 16

people engage in certain actions to relieve their negative feelings and feel better about themselves

Question 17

norm based compliance

Answer 17

explicit request or implicit suggestion to conform to those around you

Question 18

descriptive norm

Answer 18

objective factual descriptive of what most people do

Question 19

prescriptive norm

Answer 19

what most people should do according to some rule or tradition

Question 20

What factors decreased obedience in Milgrim’s study?

Answer 20

Closer to learner/more salient and authority further/ less salient

Question 21

Why was Milgrims’s study ideal for obedience?

Answer 21

experimenter takes responsibility for the outcome, step-by-step involvement (shock goes up by 10), and participants had lack of practice disobeying authority

Question 22

exchange relationships

Answer 22

have interactions based on equity and reciporcity, input: output equal, short term relationships

Question 23

communal relationships

Answer 23

interaction based on sense of oneness, input does not have to equal output, long term relationships

Question 24

social exchange theory

Answer 24

people tend to seek out interactions that have more rewards than costs, or have the smallest amount of “excess cost” possible

Question 25

equity theory

Answer 25

people are motivated to pursue fairness in relationships, so rewards and costs are shared roughly equally

Question 26

attachment theory

Answer 26

early attachments with our parents shape our relationships for the rest of our lives

Question 27

What are the 3 main attachment styles?

Answer 27

secure, anxious-ambivalent, and avoidant

Question 28

functional distance

Answer 28

how close you are to someone in terms of interaction opportunities

Question 29

mere exposure effect

Answer 29

the more you're exposed to something the more you like it

Question 30

three factors influencing commitment

Answer 30

relationship satisfaction, quality of alternatives, investments

Question 31

four horsemen of the apocalypse

Answer 31

4 behaviors that can predict divorce w/ 93% accuracy; criticism, defensiveness, contempt, stonewalling

Question 32

stereotype

Answer 32

beliefs that certain attitudes are characteristics of members of a particular group (schema)

Question 33

prejudice

Answer 33

attitude or affective response (positive or negative) toward a group and its members (attitude)

Question 34

discrimination

Answer 34

favorable or unfavorable treatment of individuals based on their group membership (behavior)

Question 35

traditional racism

Answer 35

prejudice against a racial group that is explicitly acknowledged and expressed by the individual

Question 36

modern racism

Answer 36

prejudice directed at racial groups that exist simultaneously w/ the rejection of explicitly racist beliefs

Question 37

priming and implicit prejudice

Answer 37

priming uses mental activation of associated concepts to measure how quickly a person responds

Question 38

affect misattribution procedure

Answer 38

measures how people evaluate a stimulus after a prime

Question 39

realistic group conflict theory

Answer 39

when groups compete for limited resources these groups experience conflict, prejudice, and discrimination

Question 40

minimal group paradigm

Answer 40

researchers create groups based on meaningless criteria to see if they can get people to develop intergroup bias

Question 41

boosting status of ingroup

Answer 41

when given the chance to distribute rewards across ingroup AND outgroup, individuals want their ingroup to have more than the outgroup

Question 42

ingroup bias

Answer 42

identity related self esteem based in part on group membership, we are motivated to boose the status of our ingroups

Question 43

outgroup derogation

Answer 43

we are motivated to diminish the status of outgroups

Question 44

basking in reflected glory

Answer 44

taking pride in the accomplishments of those we feel associated with in some way

Question 45

outgroup homogeneity effect

Answer 45

tendency to assume that members of outgroups are "all alike" whereas members of ingroups have differences

Question 46

attributional ambiguity

Answer 46

members of a stigmatized group are uncertain if negative or positive behaviors toward them due to prejudice or some unrelated factor