Ch 6. Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Question 1

Emotion

Answer 1

Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to him or her. Emotion is characterized by behavior that reflects (expresses) the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state a person is in or the transactions being experienced.

Question 2

Primary Emotions

Answer 2

Emotions that are present in humans and other animals and emerge early in life; examples are joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust.

Question 3

Self-Conscious Emotions

Answer 3

Emotions that require self-awareness, especially consciousness and a sense of “me”; examples include jealousy, empathy, and embarrassment.

Question 4

Basic Cry

Answer 4

A rhythmic pattern usually consisting of a cry, a briefer silence, a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.

Question 5

Anger Cry

Answer 5

A variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords.

Question 6

Pain Cry

Answer 6

A sudden appearance of a long, initial loud cry without preliminary moaning, followed by breath holding.

Question 7

Reflexive Smile

Answer 7

A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli. It happens during the first month after birth, usually during sleep.

Question 8

Social Smile

Answer 8

A smile in response to an external stimulus, which early in development is typically a face.

Question 9

Stranger Anxiety

Answer 9

An infant’s fear and wariness of strangers; it tends to appear during the second half of the first year of life.

Question 10

Separation Protest

Answer 10

An infant’s distressed crying when the caregiver leaves.

Question 11

Temperament

Answer 11

Involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.

Question 12

Easy Child

Answer 12

A child who is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences.

Question 13

Difficult Child

Answer 13

A child who tends to react negatively and cry frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

Question 14

Slow-to-warm-up Child

Answer 14

A child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood.

Question 15

Goodness of Fit

Answer 15

Refers to the match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope.

Question 16

Social Referencing

Answer 16

“Reading” emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

Question 17

Attachment

Answer 17

A close emotional bond between two people.

Question 18

John Bowlby

Answer 18

Maintains that both infants and their primary caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments

Question 19

Bowlby’s Phase 1 (Birth to 2 months)

Answer 19

Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures. Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant.

Question 20

Bowlby’s Phase 2 (2-7 Months)

Answer 20

Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people.

Question 21

Bowlby’s Phase 3 (7-24 Months)

Answer 21

Specific attachments develop. With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father.

Question 22

Bowlby’s Phase 4 (After Two Years)

Answer 22

Children become aware of others’ feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.

Question 23

Strange Situation

Answer 23

An observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order.

Question 24

Securely Attached Babies

Answer 24

Babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment.

Question 25

Insecure Avoidant Babies

Answer 25

Babies who show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver.

Question 26

Insecure Resistant Babies

Answer 26

Babies who often cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

Question 27

Insecure Disorganized Babies

Answer 27

Babies who show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented.

Question 28

Developmental Cascade Model

Answer 28

Involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.

Question 29

Reciprocal Socialization

Answer 29

Socialization that is bidirectional; children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children.

Question 30

Scaffolding

Answer 30

Practice in which parents time interactions so that infants experience turn taking with the parents.