Deck 1

Question 1

Accommodation

Answer 1

According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, the changes made to existing cognitive structures or schemes to understand new information and experiences.

Question 2

Adaptation

Answer 2

In ethological theory, the way behavior changes or develops to meet environmental demands to ensure continued survival. In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, refers to the complementary process of accommodation and assimilation.

Question 3

Assimilation

Answer 3

According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, the process of incorporating new objects, information ,or experiences into existing cognitive structures or schemes.

Question 4

Attachment

Answer 4

The primary social bond between an infant and his or her caretaker. Behaviors in infants (e.g. behaviors which foster this) include signaling behaviors, orienting behaviors, locomotion, and active physical contact.

Question 5

Babbling

Answer 5

Prelinguistic speech categorized by the repetition of consonant and vowel sounds. Begins at four months of age and initially includes sounds of all languages.

Question 6

Classic Aging Pattern

Answer 6

A consistently observed pattern on the WAIS in which elderly examinees score higher on Verbal IQ than Performance IQ

Question 7

Concrete Operations Stage

Answer 7

Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development when the child (ages 7-12) displays an ability to think logically and achieves an understanding of conservation.

Question 8

Contact Comfort

Answer 8

Refers to Harlow and Harlow’s hypothesis that contact is more important for the development of attachment than feeding. Based on observations that monkeys consistently prefer a cloth surrogate mother over a wire one, even when the wire surrogate provides food.

Question 9

Conventional Morality

Answer 9

According to Kohlberg, the stage of moral development when judgment is governed by adherence to authority. Includes “good boy/good girl” and “law and order” substages. Defines the morality of most adolescents and adults.

Question 10

Cooing

Answer 10

By three months, infants produce these sounds which consist mainly of vowels and are usually emitted when the infant is happy and contended.

Question 11

Critical Period

Answer 11

A specific time in development when an organism is ready to learn (acquire) a particular response or behavior.

Question 12

Crying

Answer 12

Although this is initially undifferentiated, by the age of one month infants produce several distinct patterns of this, including specific ones for hunger, anger, and pain.

Question 13

Crystalized Abilities

Answer 13

Abilities which are a function of learning and experience. Examples include vocabulary, general knowledge, and mathematical knowledge. Are believed to be relatively unaffected by physiological processes and, therefore, ordinarily do not decline in old age.

Question 14

Down Syndrome

Answer 14

A form of mental retardation produced by the presence of an extra number 21 chromosome. Characterized by certain physical features (“mongolism”) and mild to severe retardation.

Question 15

Echolalia

Answer 15

An infant’s imitation of adult speech sounds and words without understanding their meaning.

Question 16

Ego

Answer 16

According to Freud, the aspect of the personality associated with rational thought. Relies primarily on the reality principled to mediate between the demands of the id, the superego, and reality.

Question 17

Egocentrism

Answer 17

A characteristic of proportional thought involving an inability to consider the point of view of others.

Question 18

Equilibration

Answer 18

As defined by Piaget, the tendency toward biological and psychological balance. This tendency underlies cognitive development.

Question 19

Fetal Alchohol Syndrome

Answer 19

Physical and mental abnormalities (e.g. mental retardation, microcephaly, hyperactivity, cardiac defects) caused by extreme maternal intake of alcohol during pregnancy.

Question 20

Fluid Abilities

Answer 20

Memory and attention span, mental quickness, abstract reasoning, concept formation, and other abilities which are relatively culture-free and affected by physiological processes (e.g. aging).

Question 21

Formal Operations Stage

Answer 21

According to Piaget, the final stage of cognitive development. Characterized by the ability to think abstractly and to use formal (“if.. then”) logic. Begins at approximately age 12.

Question 22

Functional Enuresis (Bedwetting)

Answer 22

Frequent involuntary voiding of urine during the night or day which is not due to a known physical cause and occurs at an age when continence is expected (as defined by the DSM, at or after age 5).

Question 23

Genotype

Answer 23

The characteristics an individual has genetically inherited and will pass on to his or her offspring.

Question 24

Heritability

Answer 24

The proportion of the total variance in a population a trait or behavior attributable to genetic factors.

Question 25

Holophrastic Speech

Answer 25

The use of one word sentences; begins at approximately one year.

Question 26

Hospitalism

Answer 26

A term used by Spitz to describe the syndrome found in infants who have been separated from their mothers. Symptoms include listlessness, unresponsiveness, indifference, and retarded growth.

Question 27

Id

Answer 27

According to Freud, the aspect of the personality present at birth, operates according to the pleasure principle, is the source of libido, and is characterized by a desire for immediate gratification.

Question 28

Identification

Answer 28

According to psychoanalytic theory, the process the child use to resolve the Oedipus/Electra conflict. Involves identifying with the same-sex parent (e.g. adopting the parent’s gender-role behaviors, attitudes, and standards).

Question 29

Lallation (Imperfect Imitation)

Answer 29

Begins at approximately six months of age. It includes “accidental” imitations of simple adult words and intonation patterns.

Question 30

Longitudinal Research

Answer 30

The study of a variable or variable sin the same group of subjects over an extended period of time

Question 31

Midlife Crisis

Answer 31

A period of psychological turmoil precipitated by a revaluation of one’s past and awareness of one’s mortality. Usually occurs in the early to mid-40s and ordinarily followed by a period of stability. may be precipitated by major life events such as health problems, children leaving home, or menopause.

Question 32

Morphemes

Answer 32

The smallest units of meaningful sound. For example, the word “cats” consists of two of these: “cat” and “s”.

Question 33

Object Permanence (Object Concept)

Answer 33

A Term used by Piaget to describe the child’s realization that an object continues to exist even though it is not in view. Develops during the sensorimotor stage.

Question 34

Phenotype

Answer 34

Characteristics which are measurable and observable. May be due to genotype and/or environment. Eye color, for example, is the result of genotype which weight is ordinarily due to a combination of genotype and environment.

Question 35

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Answer 35

An inherited enzyme deficiency which produces a toxic accumulation of amino acids and results in mental retardation. Can be treated by a diet low in phenylalanine.

Question 36

Phonemes

Answer 36

Basic language sounds which can be distinguished from each other. In English there are 40.

Question 37

Pleasure Principle

Answer 37

According to Freud, the psychic force which motivates people to seek immediate gratification of instinctual (id) impulses.

Question 38

Postconventional Morality

Answer 38

According to Kohlberg, the most advanced level of moral development. During this stage, moral judgments are independent of personal consequences an social convention. Includes “social contract-legalistic” and “universal ethical principles” stages. Not reached by most adults.

Question 39

Preconventional Morality

Answer 39

According to Kohlberg, the first level of moral development when judgments are made on the basis of physical consequences and personal needs. Includes “punishment-obedience” and “instrumental-relativistic” substages. Most common type of morality in childhood.

Question 40

Preoperational Stage

Answer 40

Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development (ages 2 through 6) when the child understands complex events and can use symbols but is incapable of mental operations.

Question 41

Pychosexual Development

Answer 41

According to Freud, the notion that personality development involves a sequence of five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital) during which gratification shifts from one body area to another.

Question 42

Psychosocial Development

Answer 42

According to Erikson, the theory that personality development involves eight stages, with each stage characterized by a different psychosocial conflict (between the person and society). The eight stages are: trust vs mistrust; autonomy vs shame; initiative vs guilt; industry vs inferiority; ego identity vs role confusion; intimacy vs isolation; generatively vs stagnation; and integrity vs despair.

Question 43

Public Law 94-142

Answer 43

The law which guarantees an appropriate free public education to all children who need special education services. Its key features include the Individualized Educational Plan and the provision of the least restrictive school environment for each child.

Question 44

Reality Principle

Answer 44

According to psychoanalytic theory, the principle on which the ego operates as it mediates between the demands of the id and the environment.

Question 45

Sensitive Period

Answer 45

A time in an organism’s development when a stimulus is likely to have its greatest effect.

Question 46

Stages of Dying (Kubler-Ross)

Answer 46

Five-stage model of adjustment to the idea of death: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

Question 47

Stranger Anxiety

Answer 47

Fearful responses to strangers which normally develops around eight months of age.

Question 48

Stuttering

Answer 48

Frequent repetition or prolongation of speech sounds. Mild cases common among preschool children and ordinarily recover spontaneously.

Question 49

Superego

Answer 49

According to Freud, the part of the personality serving as the conscience, develops out of the Oedipus/Electra conflict, and incorporates societal ethics and moral standards.

Question 50

Telegraphic Speech

Answer 50

Two- or three-word utterances produced by children between the ages of 18 and 24 months an used to express complete thoughts.