CH 7

Question 1

neuropsychology

Answer 1

study of relationship between brain function and behavior (humans)

Question 2

technique for neuroanatomy

Answer 2

histological: stain dead brain to see neurons and such

Question 3

behavioral neuroscience

Answer 3

study of biological bases of behavior, on humans and animals

Question 4

ethology

Answer 4

objective study of natural animal behaviors

Question 5

place learning

Answer 5

rat finds platform w external cues

Question 6

skilled reaching task

Answer 6

rats trained to reach through slot to get food

Question 7

brain lesions

Answer 7

Karl Lashley: used to find location of memory in brain used ablation (removed/did destruction to tissue)

Question 8

stereotaxic apparatus

Answer 8

precisely positions brain regions according to skull landmarks

Question 9

compensation

Answer 9

neuroplastic ability to change behavior to what it was before damage

Question 10

temporary + reversable brain lesions

Answer 10

regional cooling (prevents synaptic transmission), administration of GABA agonist to increase local inhibition

Question 11

deep brain stimulation

Answer 11

electrodes implanted in brain stimulate target area w low volt electrical pulse to help behavior

Question 12

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer 12

magnetic coil is placed over skull to stimulate brain to induce or disrupt ongoing behavior

Question 13

how are drugs used in brain stimulation?

Answer 13

drugs passed into blood –> indwelling cannula –> brain to influence specific actions of specific neurons

Question 14

optogenetics

Answer 14

transgenic technique: uses genetics and light to control targeted cells, high spatial and temporal resolution

Question 15

chemogenetics

Answer 15

synthetic genetic codes for G-protien receptor that only responds to DREADD

Question 16

DREADD

Answer 16

designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs–> used in chemogenetics w/ G-protein

Question 17

what are the 4 major ways to measure brain electrical energy

Answer 17

single-cell recording, electroencephalography (EEG), event-related potentials (ERP), magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Question 18

single-cell recording

Answer 18

measure single neuron action potentials w/ electrodes, extracellular = recording of 40 neurons at once, intracellular = recording of one neurons electrical activity

Question 19

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 19

measures summed, graded potentials from 1000 of neurons, reveals brains electrical activity (EA), EA never silent

Question 20

Event-related potentials (ERP’s)

Answer 20

graded potentials on dendrites that sensory stimuli trigger many times

Question 21

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer 21

neural activity by generating an electrical field and produces a magnetic field, mag potentials are recorded from external skull detectors, 3D localization of cell groups, Higher res than ERP, high cost

Question 22

computed tomography (CT scan)

Answer 22

x-rays pass through brain at many angles to make dif images which are combined with computational and math techniques to make 3D image of brain

Question 23

brain reconstruction in CT

Answer 23

skull = white border, gray matter can’t be distinguished from white, ventricles shown bc fluid in them is less dense, major fissures in cortex are darker

Question 24

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer 24

static 3D brain image made w strong mag field followed by radio wave then it measures radiation emitted from hydrogen atoms

Question 25

Diffusion Tensor imaging (DTI)

Answer 25

detects water molecule movement to see nerve fiber pathways in brain, used to delineate abnormalities in neural pathways

Question 26

magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)

Answer 26

MRI method that uses hydrogen proton signal to determine concentration of brain metabolites, good for detecting persisting abnormalities in brain metabolism (for concussions)

Question 27

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer 27

increase in O2 = increased blood flow = increased brain activity, changes in blood O2 alter magnetic properties of H2O in blood so MRI picks up brain activity, good spatial res, not as precise as EEG or ERP's

Question 28

resting-state MRI (rs-MRI)

Answer 28

used to infer brain function + connectivity by studying fMRI signals when people at rest

Question 29

Optical tomography: functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)

Answer 29

reflected infared light determines blood flow bc O2 rich and O2 poor hemoglobin differ in absorption spectra --> maps brain with light refraction, not great spatial res

Question 30

positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer 30

envisions glucose/oxygen use when you inject or ingest radioactive substance-->tracks the radioactive in the PET-->not a stable isotope so it will decay and as a result positrons appear, and that positron result from the decay is what is measured in the PET

Question 31

procedure of subtraction

Answer 31

control/base scans are subtracted by scans of person to see the difference to show increased blood flow in occipital region.

Question 32

microdialysis

Answer 32

determined chemical constituents of extracellular fluid, semipermeable memb placed in brain, fluid flows in where it passes along memb, diffusion drives passage of extracellular molecules across memb, fluid drained from brain collected for analysis

Question 33

cerebral voltammetry

Answer 33

small carbon fiber and metal electrode implanted in brain where current is passed through which causes electrons to be added or removed from surrounding chem and changes are measured in accordance to specific neurotransmitters

Question 34

brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

Answer 34

stimulates neural plasticity

Question 35

benefits of animal models of disease

Answer 35

used to model easy disorders (stroke) but ADHD is much harder to model,

Question 36

Kyoto SHR rat

Answer 36

good model for ADHD, has same dopaminergic innervation like hyperactivity, and some meds like Ritalin can had same effect on rats and ADHD