CH1

Question 1

TBI

Answer 1

traumatic brain injury (concussion)

Question 2

CNS

Answer 2

central nervous system; brain and the spinal chord (has bones: skull and vertebrae)

Question 3

PNS

Answer 3

peripheral nervous system; neurons and nerve processes (sense of touch, muscle movement, gut movement and digestion)

Question 4

embodied behavior

Answer 4

the idea that our cognition and us as a person isn’t just formed from our mind but what we sensually discover and go through physically.

Question 5

locked in syndrome

Answer 5

where one can see and hear but they can’t move any parts of their body

Question 6

can the brain remain conscious w/o sensory info and ability to move?

Answer 6

yes bc of embodied behavior, mental emptiness, sensory deprivation effects, locked in syndrome, minimally conscious state

Question 7

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

Answer 7

electrodes implanted into brain (thalamus) around brainstem to stimulate brain to treat Parkinson’s and depression (alters brain activity in certain way)

Question 8

behavior and Irenaus eibl-eibesfeldt

Answer 8

believes we’re born w some innate behaviors such as sympathetic response to fear, rooting and suckling effects, walking, and stepping reflex, but other responses are learned not inherited

Question 9

Mentalism

Answer 9

idea that behavior is a function of the mind so everything can be explained as a result of the mind like consciousness, sensation, perception, attention ect

Question 10

Aristotle

Answer 10

believed the brain cooled the blood and had no role in producing behavior, believed in the psyche (believed to be source of human behavior) said it governs our behavior and our consciousness

Question 11

Descartes

Answer 11

dualism: both nonmaterial mind and material body contribute to behavior

Question 12

mind-body problem

Answer 12

question of explaining interaction of non-material mind and the physical brain

Question 13

dualist hypothesis

Answer 13

that the mind resides in the pineal gland where it directs fluid flow through ventricles and muscles of body (influences biorhythms)

Question 14

Berwick and Chomsky

Answer 14

state that humans language have evolved bc only we’re able to merge words and concepts

Question 15

Darwin

Answer 15

Materialism: belief that behavior can be explained bc of the nervous system (nothing to do with mind)

Question 16

Darwin +evolution

Answer 16

evolution by natural selection: new species evolve and existing species change over time and dif phenotypes result from dif environments

Question 17

Darwin + materialism

Answer 17

epigenetics: different gene expression arising from environment over time, don’t change gene but only how they’re expressed

Question 18

summary of materialism

Answer 18

all animal species are related -> means brains, behaviour are related and depend on learning

Question 19

what does modern psych take for granted?

Answer 19

that behaviour and neural function are perfectly correlated

Question 20

how can our lineage can be traced?

Answer 20

comparing genes, brains, and behaviours of ancestors

Question 21

what is the evolution of nervous system in animals?

Answer 21

neurons and muscles
nerve net
bilateral symmetry
segmentation
ganglia
spinal chord
brain

Question 22

nerve net

Answer 22

where simple serve cells connect directly to other neurons to move muscles (allows interneurons to form)

Question 23

bilateral symmetry

Answer 23

nervous system is symmetric on both sides (and and hand)

Question 24

segmentation

Answer 24

where neurons start to segment into specific areas that do certain things

Question 25

ganglia

Answer 25

very primative brains->ganglia's are clusters of neurons (like brain) but not big enough to be brain

Question 26

basic classification of life

Answer 26

Kevin Please Come Over For Gay Sex (taxonomy) represents evolutionary sequence (phylogeny) (Kingdome, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

Question 27

what do amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals all have in common

Answer 27

they are a part of the phylum Chordata and display the greatest degree of encephalization (brain size) and have a true brain

Question 28

what brain was about the same size as that of the living nonhuman apes

Answer 28

Australopithecus

Question 29

who were the first humans

Answer 29

homo habilis:(handy human) 2 million years ago in Africa and made simple stone tools homo erectus: (upright human) 1.6 mill years ago in europe and asia, and made more sophisticated tools

Question 30

how is relative brain to body size estimated

Answer 30

encephalization quotient (EQ) quantitive measure of brain size among dif species

Question 31

how do brains become bigger?

Answer 31

the addition of neurons which adds disproportionately more connections between those neurons

Question 32

why did the hominid brain enlarge?

Answer 32

climate change, and the emergence of huma culture such as the primate lifestyle with social group size, complex food foraging, and selection

Question 33

what has changed hominid physiology

Answer 33

cooking food has made smaller facial muscles and bones = change in diet and energy-rich foods, changes skill form, increased blood circulation, brain cooling =larger brain

Question 34

what are the animal species life history stages called

Answer 34

heterochronicity: accounts for larger human brain and other features neoteny: juvenile stages of predecessors become adult features of descendants

Question 35

what gene has been mutated and may be related to brain size changes in homo habilis

Answer 35

SARGP2

Question 36

what are issues with brain size measurement?

Answer 36

individual dif in brains, weight, gender, age, nutrition, disease, injury, stress, disorders, plasticity

Question 37

what are 4 measurements of intelligence

Answer 37

species-typical behavior, general factor intelligence ( spearman's g), flynn effect, multiple intelligences

Question 38

how is culture learned?

Answer 38

through learned behaviors, by passing it from one generation to another w/ teaching + experience

Question 39

how do memes influence us?

Answer 39

exert selective pressure on further brain development and can be studied within an evolutionary framework (meme) = anything that's passed down