CH. 7 Animal Adaptations Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
_____ imposes a fundamental constraint on the evolution of animals.
A
size
2
Q
All animals have two fundamental limitations:
A
- operating within gravitational limitations
2. getting enough fuel (oxygen) for their size
3
Q
All aerobic animals must maintain ____ concentrations in their tissues high enough to fuel their metabolism. If this cannot be accomplished, death is inevitable.
A
oxygen
4
Q
Surface area to volume
A
volume increases faster than surface area
5
Q
Respiratory organs are measured with a _____ function.
A
squared
6
Q
Larger animals have disproportionately _____ respiration abilities.
A
smaller
7
Q
Metabolism SHOULD scale with body mass^___
A
2/3
8
Q
Metabolism is utlimately powered by
A
respiratory organs (length^2)
9
Q
Kleibers Law states that
A
metabolism scales with body mass^3/4
10
Q
Metabolic scaling
A
the scaling of metabolic rate may have more to do with the interaction of shape and size than just size alone.
11
Q
Fractal pattern
A
an object that maintains similar patterns at increasingly small scales.
12
Q
The scaling of metabolism is not easily predicted but is likely a function of
A
size and shape
13
Q
LSD and the Elephant
A
- Can LSD induce “musth?”
- gave LSD to Tusko the elephant
- after 5 mins, the elephant trumpeted, fell over, defecated, and died
- dose was DRASTICALLY miscalculated
- was 1000x too high
14
Q
What was the problem with the LSD and the elephant experiment?
A
the dose was 1,000x too high; the scaling of metabolism with size was not considered prior to dosage calculation
15
Q
The newest predictions of how metabolism scales with body size includes a
A
curvilinear fit
16
Q
If the curvilinear fit is true, metabolic scaling may directly determine:
A
maximum animal size
17
Q
If an animal has a metabolism any more than where the slope >1 it means they are using _____ energy just to be that large.
A
excess
18
Q
Changes in size are produced throughout
A
development
19
Q
embryogenesis
A
differentiation before hatching/birth
20
Q
growth
A
increase in size
21
Q
development
A
transformation of structure
22
Q
Ontogeny
A
the growth and development of an organism (throughout an organism’s entire life cycle)
23
Q
Scaling
A
the changes in size and shape across ontogeny
24
Q
______ is the origination and development of an organism
A
ontogeny
25
Isometric scaling
when one variable (body measurement) increases in equal proportions with another measure of body size
26
Allometry
when one body measure does not increase at the same rate as another measure of body size
27
When a feature scales differently than a 1:1 ratio, we call it
allometric
28
Morphogenesis
the unfolding of form and structure
29
Heterochrony
change in the timing of development and growth of traits
30
Paedomorphism
the retention of juvenile traits by adults
31
Two major outcomes of heterochrony:
- paedomorphism
| - paramorphosis
32
Paedomorphism results from
- derived trait has reduced growth rate compared to ancestral trait
- development ends earlier in derived trait compared to the ancestral trait
- development starts later in derived trait compared to the ancestral trait
33
Paramorphosis
the development of entirely new shapes, beyond typical adult form
34
Some species can be _____ or _____.
paedomorphic; metamorphose
35
Facultative paedomorphs
being able to retain larval morphology while being sexually mature
36
Obligate paedomorphs
don't have the ability to get rid of their juvenile traits
37
Timing of metamorphosis is affected by
physiological and environmental factors
38
Physiological and environmental factors that affect timing of metamorphis include:
- pond or stream drying
- population density
- food availability
- predator abundance
- increasing temperature
- hormones
- tissues sensitivity to hormones
39
When an animal is confronted with an environmental shift it has two options:
-conform or regulate
40
conformers
unable to maintain consistent internal conditions
41
regulators
use a variety of biochemical, physiological, morphological, and behavioral mechanisms to regulate their internal environment
42
Conformers have internal body solute concentrations based on the ____ _____ that they reside in.
environmental conditions
43
For conformers to be successful:
internal processes must be capable of functioning across a wide array of environmental conditions; if systems cannot function at a particular level, the animal may shut down activity until conditions become suitable
44
In contrast to conformers, regulators often spend ____ _____ to maintain a narrow range of internal conditions.
considerable energy
45
Critical minimum temperature
a minimum temperature for a given species in which unorganized locomotion is observed, suggesting imminent death
46
CTmax
a maximum temperature for a given species in which unorganized locomotion is observed, suggesting imminent death
47
Thermal tolerance range
the range of temperatures in which an animal typically operates
48
Topt
the body temperature that produces maximum performance
49
In all muscles: rate of force generation is ______ related to muscle temperature
directly
50
Homeostasis
our body maintains a constant internal environment even when in varying environmental conditions
51
Homeostasis is controlled by _____ _____ mechanisms.
negative feedback
52
Negative feedback
occurs when a specific condition changes beyond the normal range and changes are initiated in order to return the system to the normal range
53
Set point
mean body temperature under ideal conditions
54
Three components for a set point to function
- receptor
- integrator
- effector
55
receptor
measures the internal environment, transfers information to the integrator
56
integrator
receives information and compares it to the set point
57
effector
causes a change in the internal environment
58
Temperature
single most important factor limiting the distribution of ectothermic animals
59
Temperature profoundly affects animal
structure and function
60
It is important to regulate
body temperature
61
Rates of water loss (increase/decrease) with temperature
increase
62
cellular environment
viscosity of cytoplasm, permeability of membranes, muscle contraction speed, etc.
63
biochemical reaction rates
gas exchange, metabolism, digestion, etc.
64
Whole-animal function
growth, alertness, speed, escape
65
Activity temperature range
normal range of temperatures in which activity occurs
66
mean activity temperature
the mean of all temperatures of active animals
67
Preferred temperature
the temperature selected by individuals in a thermal gradient when all external influences have been removed
68
operative temperature
equilibrium temperature for an animal in a particular environment
69
voluntary minimum
the lowest temperature tolerated voluntarily in the lab
70
voluntary maximum
the highest temperature tolerated voluntarily in the lab
71
critical thermal minimum
the low temperature that produces cold narcosis thus preventing locomotion and escape
72
critical thermal maximum
the high temperature at which locomotion becomes uncoordinated and the animal loses its ability to escape conditions that will lead to its death
73
Poikilothermy
wide variation in Tb in response to environmental temperature
74
Homeothermy
constant Tb even with greater environmental temperature fluctuations
75
Ectothermy
condition in which the external environment is the source of heat
76
Endothermy
condition in which heat is produced metabolically (internal)
77
Heliothermy
gaining heat by basking in sun
78
thigmothermy
gaining heat by conduction (ex. lying on warm rock not exposed to sun)
79
Acclimation
functional compensation to experimentally induced environmental change
80
Thermoregulation
maintenance of a relatively constant Tb even though environmental temperatures vary; heat exchange with the environment
81
Thermal conformity
Tb varies directly with environmental temperature; there is no attempt to thermoregulate
82
Poikilotherms
animals that exhibit a wide range of body temperatures
83
homeotherms
body temperature is constant or nearly constant
84
Ectothermy
the process of maintaining body temperatures through external sources
85
Endothermy
the process of maintaining body temperatures through internal sources
86
Most ectotherms control body temperature over _____ ____
narrow ranges
87
Behavioral thermoregulation is im portant for
ectotherms
88
Physiological control of body temperature
- muscular shivering
| - cardiovascular control
89
Aestivation
occurs in some species in dry seasons
90
Hibernation
occurs in cold seasons; usually due to cold temps more than food limitations
91
_______ take on characteristics of ectotherms and endotherms
heterotherms
92
Example of heterotherms
butterflies: butterfly wings are used for fflight, but the large size is due to their use as thermoregulatory panels
93
Torpor
dropping of body temperature to ambient temperature to ambient temperature levels
94
Hibernation
long-term, seasonal torpor
95
Some animals use ______ means for thermal balance
physiological
| ex. camels are weird
96
Freeze resistance=
supercooling
97
supercooling
animals don't freeze event when Tb is at freezing temperature; ice crystals are prevented from forming in cells
98
Freeze tolerance
ability to survive freezing; animals freeze and thaw without ill effect
99
_______ prevent ice crystals form forming inside the cell.
ccryoprotectants
100
Poikilotherms regulate their body temperature primarily through
behavioral mechanisms
101
Bergmann's rule
tendency for an increasing body size with increasing latitude (decreasing environmental temperature)
102
What groups follow the inverse of bergmann's rule?
snakes and lizards
103
Energy Balance Equation describes
all the ways that an animal may gain thermal energy
104
The energy balance equation: Heat energy gained=
Qabs + M +/- R +/- C +/- LE +/- G
105
Qabs
solar radiation
106
Qabs=?
S x A x Vf(s) x a
107
S=
intensity of solar radiation
108
A=
surface area of animal
109
Vf(s)=
view factor=proportion of surface receiving radiation
110
a=
absorptivity to solar radiation
111
M=?
metabolic heat
112
R=?
radiative heat exchange
113
C=?
convective heat exchange (occurs between animal and fluid (air/water) around it
114
LE
evaporative cooling
115
G=?
conduction
116
Both ____ and ____ factors affect thermal balance and thermoregulation
physiological and biotic
117
Thermoneutral zone
range of environmental temperatures within which metabolic rates are minimal
118
Endothermy and Ectothermy involve
trade-offs
119
Endothermy advantage
can remain a given body temperature regardless of environmental temperature
120
endothermy disadvantage
require much higher energy input just to minimally survive
121
Ectothermy advantage
can sustain life with minimal energy needs
122
Ectothermy disadvantage
body temperature is dependent upon available heat sources outside the animal's control
123
Heterotherm
a species that can function both as a homeotherm and poikilotherm depending on environment and need
124
gills
fan-like organs with high surface area to volume; where gas exchange occurs
125
amphibians do not have ____ or a ____
ribs; diaphragm
126
Without a diaphragm, _____ and ______ must be used to ventilate the lungs in reptiles.
ribs; muscles
127
Animals maintain a balance between water uptake and _____
loss
128
water balance
the loss of water for life processes coupled with the need for constant water uptake
129
Animals that inhabit arid regions avoid water loss by:
reducing their activity
