The Aquatic environment

Question 1

Water is divided into two major rooms based on the quantity of salts: freshwater and saltwater. These are further divided into a variety of systems based on water _____ and ____?

Answer 1

Flow and depth

Question 2

The ___ ____ links all global water sources together.

Answer 2

Water cycle

Question 3

Water cycle

Answer 3

The continual process by which water travels from the air to the earth surface and back again

Question 4

What is the driving force of the water cycle?

Answer 4

Solar radiation

Question 5

Precipitation

Answer 5

The return of water from the atmosphere to the surface

Question 6

Interception

Answer 6

The process of water not reaching the soil

Question 7

Infiltration

Answer 7

Water that reaches the soil surface

Question 8

What does infiltration rate depend on?

Answer 8

Soil, vegetation, slope, precipitation intensity, etc.

Question 9

Surface runoff

Answer 9

Occurs when soil’s or saturated and water flows across the soil surface

Question 10

Some water that saturates the soil seats down until it hits in pervious clear and his collected as what?

Answer 10

Groundwater

Question 11

Where does surface water evaporate into?

Answer 11

Atmosphere

Question 12

What causes additional water loss?

Answer 12

Plants

Question 13

Transpiration

Answer 13

The process of evaporation from plants

Question 14

Evapotranspiration

Answer 14

The total water evaporation from the ground and plants combined

Question 15

What percentage does the evapotranspiration account for of the water cycle?

Answer 15

15%

Question 16

What factors impact plant transpiration?

Answer 16

Temperature, relative humidity, air movement, soil moisture, and type of plant

Question 17

Because of waters polarity water has a high what?

Answer 17

Specific heat capacity

Question 18

What is the only molecule on our planet that exist naturally and all three phases?

Answer 18

Water

Question 19

Specific heat capacity

Answer 19

The amount of energy needed to raise 1 g of water by 1°C

Question 20

Cohesion

Answer 20

The tendency of a substance to stick to itself, resisting external forces

Question 21

At the surface, water molecules only interact with the other molecules below, pulling them taught like a balloon. This creates what?

Answer 21

Surface tension

Question 22

What is also responsible for the viscosity of water?

Answer 22

Cohesion

Question 23

Viscosity

Answer 23

The force necessary to separate molecules and allow an object to pass through

Question 24

Because of the high density of water, many objects are subject to what?

Answer 24

Buoyancy(upward forces)

Question 25

The density of water also profoundly changes the effect of what?

Answer 25

Pressure | And water, pressure increases by one atmosphere every 10 m

Question 26

Lake stratification

Answer 26

Separation of lakes into three layers

Question 27

Epilimnion

Answer 27

Top of the lake

Question 28

Metalimnion

Answer 28

The middle layer (thermocline)

Question 29

Hypolimnion

Answer 29

Bottom layer

Question 30

What determines the character and structure of streams?

Answer 30

Water velocity

Question 31

What is water velocity affected by?

Answer 31

Channel shape, Depth, and roughness of bottom

Question 32

Water movement shapes both ____ and ______ environments

Answer 32

Freshwater and marine

Question 33

Oxbow lake

Answer 33

A I-shaped body of water formed from a river cut-off

Question 34

What are tides driven by

Answer 34

Relationship between the earth and the moon

Question 35

Intertidal zone

Answer 35

The area between the water lines of low and high tide

Question 36

Estuary

Answer 36

The region where fresh and saltwater meet

Question 37

In estuaries is environmental variability high or low?

Answer 37

``` High Seasonal and daily variations -temperature -water level -water flow -salinity ```

Question 38

Why can exclusively aquatic animals not survive on land?

Answer 38

``` Crushing weight (gravity) and overheating Usually use minimal energy in water ```

Question 39

What is the difference between aquatic organisms and terrestrial organisms when it comes to water use?

Answer 39

Aquatic organisms are inundated with water, typically have to filter out salutes or excess water Terrestrial organisms must retain water to prevent desiccation, efficient use of water and waterproofing

Question 40

Water balance

Answer 40

Regulated balance of water between an organism and environment

Question 41

What do trust your plans have that can hormonally control water loss?

Answer 41

Stoma

Question 42

What is the foundation that determines all terrestrial life?

Answer 42

Soil

Question 43

How does soil formation begin?

Answer 43

Rock weathering/mechanical weathering

Question 44

Mechanical weathering

Answer 44

Mechanical destruction of rock into smaller materials Rain, wind, and temperature combine to flake and peel surface rock Growing roots penetrate and split rock

Question 45

What are the five independent factors of soil formation

Answer 45

- parent material - climate - biotic factors - topography - time

Question 46

What are the distinguishing physical characteristics of soil

Answer 46

- physical properties: color, texture, structure, moisture, and depth - color: easily identifiable but has little impact on function - texture: proportion of different particle sizes

Question 47

Based on proportions size of sand, salt, and Clay, which is the most significant particle because it controls water retention?

Answer 47

Clay(holds a lot of water)

Question 48

Soils are layered into:

Answer 48

horizons

Question 49

All soils are ultimately created from bedrock. Overtime, separate layers form, creating a

Answer 49

soil profile

Question 50

What are the layers of the soil horizons

Answer 50

O: organic layer A: topsoil (mineral soil) B: subsoil (collects minerals and clays leached from the top soil) C: substratum (unconsolitated material)

Question 51

If there is more water than pore space, we call the soil

Answer 51

saturated

Question 52

Amount of water held in place by internal capillary forces is called the

Answer 52

wilting point

Question 53

When soils lose water to the point where plants can no longer extract water, we call this the wilting point. This is a plant's

Answer 53

minimum to sustain life

Question 54

The difference between wilting point and field capacity is the

Answer 54

available water capacity

Question 55

Ion exchange capacity is important to soil

Answer 55

fertility

Question 56

The ability of ions to bind to soil particles depends on the number of cation and anion charged sites within the soil. The total number of charged sites on soil particles within a volume is called the

Answer 56

ion exchange capacity