Ch. 7: Basics of Chemistry

Question 1

Define: Chemistry

Answer 1

The science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions.

Question 2

Define: Organic Chemistry

Answer 2

The study of substances that contain the element carbon. (All living things whether plant or animal contain carbon)

Question 3

Define: Inorganic Chemistry

Answer 3

The branch of chemistry dealing with compounds that do not contain the element carbon, but may contain the element hydrogen.

Question 4

What is Matter?

Answer 4

Any substance that occupies space and has mass(weight).

Question 5

What are the 3 states of matter?

Answer 5

Solid, Liquid, Gas.

Question 6

Everything known to exist in the universe is either made up of _____ or _____.

Answer 6

Matter or Energy

Question 7

What is an Element?

Answer 7

The simplest form of chemical matter. It cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity.

Question 8

What is an Atom?

Answer 8

The particles from which all matter is composed of. The smallest particle of an element that still remains the properties of that element.

Question 9

What is a Molecule?

Answer 9

A chemical combination of two or more atoms.

Question 10

What are Elemental Molecules?

Answer 10

Molecules containing two or more atoms of the same element that are united chemically.
[ Ex: the air we breath (O₂) ]

Question 11

What are Compound Molecules?

Answer 11

Chemical combinations of two(2) or more atoms of different elements that are united chemically.
[ Ex: salt = sodium chloride (NaCl) ]

Question 12

Define: Solid

Answer 12

Have a definite size (volume) and a definite shape.

Question 13

Define: Liquid

Answer 13

Have a definite size (volume) but not a definite shape. Liquids take on the shape of the container they are in.

Question 14

Define: Gases

Answer 14

Do not have a definite size (volume) nor a definite shape.

Ex: steam

Question 15

What are Physical Properties of matter?

Answer 15

Characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that cause a chemical change in the identity of the substance.
(color, odor, weight, density, specific gravity, melting point, boiling point, hardness)

Question 16

What are Chemical Properties of matter?

Answer 16

Characteristics that can be determined only with a chemical reaction and that cause a chemical change in the identity of the substance.
(rusting iron, burning wood)

Question 17

Define: Oxidation

Answer 17

The addition of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen; a chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide.

Question 18

What is a Physical Change?

Answer 18

A change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical reaction or the formation of a new substance.

Question 19

What is a Chemical Change?

Answer 19

A change in the chemical properties of a substance that is the result of a chemical reaction or the formation of a new substance that have properties different from the original.

Question 20

Name the Element:

• A colorless, odorless, tasteless gas and is the lightest element known. Flammable and explosive when mixed with air.

Answer 20

Hydrogen (H)

Question 21

Name the Element:

• A colorless, odorless, tasteless gas and is the most abundant element found on earth. Its chief characteristic is its ability to support combustion.

Answer 21

Oxygen (O)

Question 22

What are Chemical Compounds?

Answer 22

A combination of two or more atoms of different elements united chemically with a fixed chemical composition, definite proportions, and distinct properties.

Question 23

What are Physical Mixtures?

Answer 23

A combination of two or more substances that are united physically, not chemically, in any proportions with combined properties.

Question 24

Name the Element:

• A colorless, gaseous element and is found chiefly in the form of ammonium and nitrates. It makes up about four-fifths of the air in our atmosphere.

Answer 24

Nitrogen (N)

Question 25

What elements are in the Air we breath?

Answer 25

1 part Oxygen and 4 parts Nitrogen by volume. It also contains a small amount of Carbon Dioxide.

Question 26

Name the Chemical Compound: * The most abundant of all substances, comprising about 75% of the earth's surface. All cells require this to live.

Answer 26

Water (H₂O)

Question 27

Name the Chemical Compound: * A colorless liquid with a characteristic odor and a slightly acid taste. It can be used as an antiseptic or, at a higher volume, for bleaching hair.

Answer 27

Hydrogen Peroxide | H₂O₂

Question 28

What is the pH scale?

Answer 28

``` Potential Hydrogen (pH) * A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. ```

Question 29

What is an Ion?

Answer 29

An atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge.

Question 30

Define: Ionization

Answer 30

Ionization causes an atom or molecule to split in two, creating a pair of ions with opposite electrical charges.

Question 31

What is an Anion?

Answer 31

An ion with a negative electrical charge.

Question 32

What is a Cation?

Answer 32

An ion with a positive electrical charge.

Question 33

What is an anion with one oxygen and one hydrogen atom?

Answer 33

Hydroxide

Question 34

What makes a substance acidic?

Answer 34

The addition of Hydrogen ions (H+)

Question 35

What makes a substance more alkaline?

Answer 35

the addition of Hydroxide ions (OH-)

Question 36

Define: Acids

Answer 36

Substances that have a pH below 7.0 and tastes sour.

Question 37

Define: Alkalis

Answer 37

Also called bases; substances have a pH above 7.0 and tastes bitter.

Question 38

What is the natural pH of the skin?

Answer 38

Slightly acidic at 5.5

Question 39

What is the protective barrier of lipids and secretions on the surface of the skin? What does it protect against?

Answer 39

* Acid Mantle | * Certain forms of bacteria and other microorganisms.

Question 40

What are Acid-Alkali neutralization Reactions?

Answer 40

When an acid is mixed with an alkali in equal proportions to neutralize each other and form water (H₂O) and salt.

Question 41

What is Oxidation-Reduction?

Answer 41

Also known as redox; A chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized.

Question 42

Define: Oxidizing Agent

Answer 42

A substance that releases oxygen.

Question 43

Define: Reduction

Answer 43

The subtraction of oxygen or the addition of hydrogen.

Question 44

Define: Redox Reaction

Answer 44

Chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized.

Question 45

Define: Combustion

Answer 45

The rapid oxidation of a substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light. (Ex: lighting a match)

Question 46

What are Antioxidants?

Answer 46

* An ingredient used to stabilize skin care products by preventing oxidation that would otherwise cause a product to turn rancid and decompose. * They are vitamins such as A, C, and E which can be applied topically or taken internally to increase healthy body functions.

Question 47

How do Antioxidants prevent oxidation?

Answer 47

by neutralizing free radicals.

Question 48

What are Free Radicals?

Answer 48

* Are super oxidizers that cause an oxidation reaction and produce a new free radical in the process. * Unstable molecules that cause inflammation, disease, and biochemical aging in the body, especially wrinkling and sagging skin.

Question 49

Define: Oxidize

Answer 49

To combine or cause a substance to combine with oxygen.

Question 50

What do Solutions, Suspensions, and Emulsions all have in common?

Answer 50

They are all Physical Mixtures of two or more different substances.

Question 51

Define: Solutions

Answer 51

A uniform mixture of two or more mutually miscible substances.

Question 52

Define: Solute

Answer 52

Any substance that is dissolved by a solvent form a solution.

Question 53

Define: Solvent

Answer 53

Any substance that is dissolved by a solute to form a solution.

Question 54

Define: Miscible

Answer 54

Liquids that are mutually soluble. | Ex: water and alcohol

Question 55

Define: Immiscible

Answer 55

Liquids that are not mutually soluble. | Ex: water and oil

Question 56

What are Suspensions?

Answer 56

Unstable mixtures of two or more immiscible substances.

Question 57

What are Emulsions?

Answer 57

Mixtures of two or more immiscible substances united with the aid of an emulsifier.

Question 58

Define: Emulsify

Answer 58

To form an emulsion.

Question 59

What are Surfactants?

Answer 59

* Surface Active Agents | * Used to emulsify oil and water.

Question 60

What are the two distinct parts of a surfactant molecule that make the emulsification of oil and water possible?

Answer 60

One end of the surfactant molecule is Hydrophilic and the other end is Lipophilic.

Question 61

Define: Hydrophilic

Answer 61

Easily absorbs moisture; capable of combining with or attracting water. (water-loving)

Question 62

Define: Lipophilic

Answer 62

Having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving)

Question 63

What is an Oil-in-Water (O/W) Emulsion?

Answer 63

Oil droplets dispersed in water with the aid of an emulsifying agent.

Question 64

What is a Water-in-Oil (W/O) Emulsion?

Answer 64

Droplets of water dispersed in oil.