ch 7 - Ch 7 study

Question 1

1. What is an allele

Answer 1

an alternative form of a gene

Question 2

2. What is a chromosome

Answer 2

nuclear cell structure that contains DNA

Question 3

3. What is a DNA index system

Answer 3

the FBI’s computerized criminal DNA databases including the software used to run these databases, includes the national DNA index system

Question 4

4. What is a DNA

Answer 4

the genetic material of all living things

Question 5

5. What is a DNA phenotyping

Answer 5

the process of predicting the physical appearance and ancestry of an unknown person from their DNA

Question 6

6. What is a DNA profile(fingerprint)

Answer 6

pattern of DNA fragments obtained by analyzing a person’s unique sequences of noncoding DNA

Question 7

7. What is a electrophoresis

Answer 7

a method of separating molecules, such as DNA, according to the size

Question 8

8. What is a exon

Answer 8

portion of gene that is expressed

Question 9

9. What is a familiar searching

Answer 9

using the CODIS and state databases to search for relatives of unknown persons or offenders

Question 10

10. What is a forensic genealogy

Answer 10

using both CODIS and public databases to identify a subject by comparing their DNA to one or more family members

Question 11

11. What is a gene

Answer 11

basic unit of heredity. A sequence of DNA that codes for proteins or for regulation of proteins

Question 12

12. What is a human genome

Answer 12

all the DNA found in a cell

Question 13

13. What is a homologous chromosomes

Answer 13

are those with similar size, shape, and contain genes that code for the same trait

Question 14

14. What is a intron

Answer 14

portion of a gene that is not expressed

Question 15

15. What is a karyotype

Answer 15

a picture of the paired homologous chromosomes in a cell

Question 16

16. What is a kinship

Answer 16

closely related individuals

Question 17

17. What is a nucleotide

Answer 17

the basic unit of DNA consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and base

Question 18

18. What is a polymerase chain reaction

Answer 18

a method of amplifying tiny amounts of DNA evidence for use in investigations

Question 19

19. What is a polymorphism

Answer 19

region of repeating DNA within an intron that is highly variable from person to person

Question 20

20. What is a primer

Answer 20

starting sequence added to trigger replication of a specific DNA section

Question 21

21. What is a short tandem repeats

Answer 21

sequences of repeating bases in noncoding regions of DNA that are used in DNA profiling

Question 22

22. What is a single nucleotide polymorphisms

Answer 22

a type of genetic variation where one nucleotide is substituted for another

Question 23

23. What is a STR markers

Answer 23

a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome

Question 24

24. What is significance of DNA evidence

Answer 24

DNA evidence has the potential to individually identify a particular suspect. Forensic DNA analysis identifies individuals; determines their closely related relatives; and identifies the remains of mass disaster victims, war victims, and missing persons by comparing their DNA

Question 25

25. What are shorter DNA fragments

Answer 25

STR’s

Question 26

26. What can DNA analysis determine in a family

Answer 26

kinship, mother, father.

Question 27

27. What are some DNA evidence

Answer 27

fingerprints, hair, blood, saliva, sweat, semen, vaginal fluid, skin, bone, or body tissue

Question 28

28. Who conducted the first technique of DNA fingerprinting

Answer 28

colin pitchfork and Alec jeffreys

Question 29

29. When did the general public get aware of DNA

Answer 29

1995 by the OJ simpson case

Question 30

30. When was the DNA identification act passed and what is it

Answer 30

1994, it provided funds to improve forensic labs such as the CODIS(combined DNA index system) which is a database

Question 31

31. What is the structure of DNA

Answer 31

it is a double helix. It is a polymer that is composed of repeating nucleotides. Each one consists of sugar molecule(deoxyribose), a nitrogen containing base(nitrogenous), an a phosphate group

Question 32

32. Where is DNA located in cells

Answer 32

Mitochondria and the cell's nucleus

Question 33

33. What is function of DNA

Answer 33

carry on all life functions, and provides code for the production of proteins

Question 34

34. What is junk DNA

Answer 34

it used to be DNA that had no functions and was the majority of our DNA. It is responsible for protein production

Question 35

35. Who first found out the structure of DNA

Answer 35

james watson, francis crick, and maurice wilkins

Question 36

36. Where is nuclear DNA stored

Answer 36

in chromosomes

Question 37

37. How do you isolate DNA from cells

Answer 37

using PCR reactions some form of electrophoresis

Question 38

38. Process to obtain DNA

Answer 38

collect, extract and isolate, add restriction enzymes to cut DNA, load them into separate wells, apply electric field to charge DNA, DNA bands are separated

Question 39

39. What is STR analysis

Answer 39

shorter repeating fragments.

Question 40

40. What are markers on chromosomes

Answer 40

STR sequences found at specific locations on chromosomes

Question 41

41. What is the AMEL marker

Answer 41

located on X chromosome marker that profiles for it

Question 42

42. What is an allele frequency

Answer 42

how often a particular allele appears within a given population

Question 43

43. What is purpose of a allele frequency on STR

Answer 43

determine probability that a random person in the population would have the same DNA profile as suspect

Question 44

44. Where are STR’s located

Answer 44

specifically on the sex chromosomes

Question 45

45. What DNA analysis can be used to identify lineage for boys

Answer 45

STR Y chromosome DNA and mtDNA as mother passes it onto all her offspring

Question 46

46. What is SNP(Single nucleotide polymorphism)

Answer 46

occurs at a specific location at a specific chromosome when one of the four bases is substituted in for another base. This must occur within at least 1% of the population of ethnicity.

Question 47

47. What is an advancement that has improved the ability to identify missing persons

Answer 47

DNA phenotyping. Uses DNA to determine what your facial features structures look like