CH. 7a/b

Question 1

Learning includes

Answer 1

1. changes in which no new behaviors occurs
2. changes in the pattern of behavior

Question 2

Most people use the term learning -

Answer 2

as acquisition of behavior

Question 3

Schedule of reinforcement

Answer 3

a rule describing the contingency between behavior and reinforcement

Question 4

Scheduled effect

Answer 4

distinctive patterns of behaviors (produced by different schedules)

Question 5

Continuous Schedule (of reinforcement)

Answer 5

a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs (or every response produces a reinforcer)

Question 6

Fixed ratio

Answer 6

reinforcement occurs a set (or fixed) number of responses

Question 6

Interment schedule

Answer 6

reinforcement occurs for some responses but not others.

Question 7

Four simple schedules of reinforcement

Answer 7

1. Fixed ratio
   2.Variable ratio
2. Fixed interval
3. Variable interval

Question 8

Variable Ratio

Answer 8

reinforcement occurs after an average number of responses

Question 9

Fixed interval

Answer 9

reinforcement occurs after the first response after a set (or fixed) amount of time.

Question 10

Variable interval

Answer 10

reinforcement occurs after the first response after an average amount of time.

Question 11

Post - reinforcement pause

Answer 11

a pause after reinforcement

Question 12

Run rate

Answer 12

the rate at which behavior occurs once has resumed following reinforcement

Question 13

Extinction

Answer 13

reinforcement is withheld from a previously reinforced behavior (or a schedule which no responses are reinforced)

Question 14

Extinction burst

Answer 14

a sudden increase in the response dimensions of a behavior when reinforcement is withheld.

Question 15

Resurgence

Answer 15

the reappearance of previously reinforced behavior

Question 16

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 16

the sudden reappearance of behavior following extinction and period of time

Question 17

Other simple schedules

Answer 17

1. Fixed time
   2.Variable time
2. Fixed duration
3. Variable duration
4. Progressive ratio schedule
5. Break point

Question 18

Fixed time

Answer 18

reinforcement is delivered after a fixed amount of time regardless of what behavior occurs/

Question 19

Variable time

Answer 19

reinforcement is delivered after an average amount of time regardless of behavior

Question 20

Fixed duration

Answer 20

reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for a fixed period of time.

Question 21

Variable duration

Answer 21

reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for an average period of time

Question 22

Break point

Answer 22

the point which behavior stops on a progressive schedule

Question 23

Progressive ratio schedule

Answer 23

the requirement for reinforcement increases in a predetermined way following each reinforcer

Question 23

Ratio strain

Answer 23

the disruption of the pattern of responding due to stretching the ratio too abruptly

Question 24

Stretching the ratio

Answer 24

the procedure of gradually increasing the number of responses required to reinforcement

Question 25

Six types of complex schedules

Answer 25

1. Multiple schedule 2. Mixed schedule 3. Chain schedule 4. Tandem schedule 5. Cooperative schedule 6.Concurrent schedule

Question 26

Mixed schedule

Answer 26

two or more simple schedules alternate with neither associated with a particular stimulus

Question 26

Tandem schedule

Answer 26

reinforcement is contingent on the completion of a last in a series of schedules none of which is associated with a particular stimulus

Question 26

Multiple schedule

Answer 26

two or more simple schedules alternate each associated with a particular stimulus

Question 26

Chain schedule

Answer 26

reinforcement is delivered contingent on the completion of the last in a series of schedules each associated with a different stimulus

Question 27

Cooperative schedule

Answer 27

reinforcement is dependent on the behavior of two or more individuals

Question 28

Concurrent schedule

Answer 28

two or more schedules are available simultaneously

Question 29

Partial reinforcement effect

Answer 29

the tendency of behavior to be more resistant to extinction following intermittent reinforcement than continuous reinforcement

Question 30

matching law

Answer 30

the principle that the rate of responding on two or more reinforcement schedules will match the rate of reinforcement on each schedule

Question 31

Three features/principles of natural selection:

Answer 31

Variation (Genetic or behavioral) Selection (Environmental) Retention (genetic vs. neural)

Question 32

environment

Answer 32

all stimuli that can affect behavior at any given moment