CH.12 Flashcards
Retention interval
period during which learning or practice of the behavior does not occur
Forgetting
deterioration in performance of learned behavior following a retention interval.
Types of proposed memories:
Declarative
Non-declarative
State-dependent learning
Declarative
-expressed in words
Semantic – knowledge of the world –facts
Episodic – memory of personally experienced events
Non-declarative
– are not expressed in words
Procedural – memories of how to do something
State-dependent learning
performance of learned behavior varies with the physiological state during learning and during retention
Different ways to measure forgetting
1.Free recall
2.Prompted(cued) recall
3.Relearning method
4.Recognition
5.Delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS)
6.Extinction method
7.Gradient degradation
Free recall
the individual is given the opportunity to perform a previously learned behavior
Prompted (cued) recall
presenting hints, or opportunity to perform a previously learned behavior
Relearning method
measures forgetting in terms of the amount of training required to reach the previous level of performance
Recognition
the participant has only to identify the material previously learned
Delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS)
conditional discrimination in which a selecting a comparison stimulus (S+) which matches the sample stimulus is delayed and then reinforced.
Extinction method
When extinction proceeds more rapidly than it would have immediately after training, we say that forgetting has occurred
Proactive interference
previous learning interferes with recall
Paired associates learning
pairs of words are learned and then the first word is given and the participant must recall the second word, or vice versa.
Retroactive interference
more recent learning interferes with recall of previous learning
Context
stimuli present during learning that are not directly relevant to what is learned
Cue-dependent forgetting)
the absence of stimuli that were present during learning hurts remembering
Mnemonic
any device for aiding recall
Context cues
can improve performance by identifying cues that will be present during recall and then learn in the presence of those or similar cues.
Gradient degradation
a flattening of a generalization gradient, a method
