Unit Test 1

Question 1

occur close in time to behavior

Answer 1

proximate causes

Question 2

occur further back in time (5 sec-5000 years)

Answer 2

Ultimate causes

Question 3

what are the two mechanisms for dealing with change?

Answer 3

Natural selection, learning

Question 4

What are the two big ideas of natural selection approach?

Answer 4

1. All species descended from a common ancestor.
2. Natural selection.

Question 5

What is the definition of natural selection

Answer 5

Small, random, inheritable differences among individuals that result in different chances of reproduction.

Question 6

Three features/principles of natural selection

Answer 6

1. Variation (genetic)
2. Selection (environmental)
3. Retention (genetic)

Question 7

What are the three types of behaviors that came from natural selection?

Answer 7

reflexes, Modal action Patterns (MAP), General behavior traits (GBT)

Question 7

Two processes involved in natural selection

Answer 7

1. Anagenesis
2. Speciation (the principle of divergence)

Question 8

Examples of Natural Selection

Answer 8

Climate change
Changes in terrain
Predators
Pollution
Bacteria
Viruses
insecticides
Herbicides

Question 9

Inherited behavioral relations from LEAST to MOST stereotyped

Answer 9

-Learning
-GBT
-MAP
-Reflexes

Question 10

Inherited behavioral relations from MOST to LEAST
stereotyped

Answer 10

-Reflexes
-MAP
-GBT
-Learning

Question 11

What is behavior?

Answer 11

anything an individual does that can be observed and measured or potentially observed.

Question 12

What is a Stimulus/Stimuli?

Answer 12

any energy change that affects sensory receptors, and behavior

Question 13

What is an environment?

Answer 13

all stimuli that affect behavior at any given moment.

Question 14

Three implications of environment/stimuli

Answer 14

1. The environment (exteroceptive stimuli) is both outside and inside (interoceptive stimuli) the body
2. The environment is always changing
3. The environment can never be the same for any two individuals.

Question 15

Determinism

Answer 15

All behavior is caused
Behavior is lawful and orderly

Question 16

Definition of Learning

Answer 16

Relatively permanent changes in environment-behavior relations due to certain types of experiences (environmental interactions)

Question 17

Definition of Natural Science

Answer 17

Deals with physical Phenomena and understanding how thing in the physical world operate.

Question 18

The Law of Parsimony

Answer 18

Parsimonious descriptions and explanations makes the fewest assumptions.

Question 19

Errors

Answer 19

reducing errors

Question 20

Topography

Answer 20

A change in form or shape of a response

Question 21

Intensity

Answer 21

Changes in magnitude of responding

Question 22

Speed

Answer 22

a change in speed

Question 23

Latency

Answer 23

The time from when a stimulus is presented and when a response occurs.

Question 24

Rate of responding

Answer 24

Number of responses per unit of time

Question 25

Cumulative recorder

Answer 25

Device that records rate of responding cumulatively

Question 26

Proficiency

Answer 26

How accurate and fluent behavior is

Question 27

All measures of learning must

Answer 27

be reliable and valid

Question 28

Reliable

Answer 28

Must yield the same observation if recorded by different individuals

Question 29

Valid

Answer 29

Must measure what is intended to be measured

Question 30

“evolved modifiability” and “fixed plasticity” refer to

Answer 30

refer to the fact that we inherit the capacity to learn.

Question 31

Correlational studies

Answer 31

A measure of the relationship between two or more variables.

Question 32

What is the difference between proximate and ultimate causation

Answer 32

proximate happens right before behavior. Ultimate causes occur further back in time from the behavior.

Question 33

What does the phrase "If there is no change, no need to change" mean?

Answer 33

It means that if nothing in our environment changes then there is no need to change to accommodate it.

Question 34

a phrase regarding the environment

Answer 34

"It's the environment stupid"!

Question 35

releaser

Answer 35

Any stimulus that reliably elicits a modal action pattern.

Question 36

The first two assumptions of the approach in Natural Science Approach above is that all natural phenomena (including behavior) are ____ and _____ precede their ____

Answer 36

Caused, Causes, Effects

Question 37

Responses can be measuredd as a change in the form the response takes, called ___, or the time that passes between when a stimulus occurs and the response occurs, called ___.

Answer 37

Topography, Latency

Question 38

In experimentation, changes in the ____ variable are measured as a function of systematic changes in the ___ variable.

Answer 38

Dependent, Independent