Ch 8-10 Flashcards
GET AN A ON THIS F-ING FINAL (147 cards)
1
Q
What body structure transfers oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body
A
Arteries
2
Q
what body structure transfers blood from the rest of the body back to the heart
A
Veins
3
Q
what are leaflets
A
Flat, leaf shaped structures that comprise the valves of the heart and prevent the backflow of blood
4
Q
what is lumen
A
Tubular space or Chenoweth an organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube
5
Q
what is regurgitation
A
Backflow or rejecting of contents through an opening
6
Q
What is vasoconstriction
A
Narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medication, or physiological processes
7
Q
what is vasodilation
A
Widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of muscles of the vascular walls
8
Q
what is viscosity
A
Thickness or a measure of how resistant a liquid is to flowing
9
Q
what are the three major types of vessels
A
Artery
capillary
vein
10
Q
What are the three layers that make up the walls of large arteries (in order)
A
Tunica externa
tunica media
tunica intima
11
Q
what is the tunica externa made of
A
connective tissue
12
Q
what is the tunica media made of
A
smooth muscle
13
Q
What is the tunica intima made of
A
endothelial cells
14
Q
what are capillaries
A
Microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system
15
Q
what are the names of the small structures found within veins that prevent backflow of blood
A
valves
16
Q
what are the names of the three layers of the pericardium (in order inner->outer)
A
endocardium
myocardium
epicardium
17
Q
What are the names of the four chambers of the heart
A
Right atrium (RA) - upper
Left atrium (LA) - upper
Right ventricle (RV) - lower
Left ventricle (LV) - lower
18
Q
What is the role of the right atrium
A
to collect deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body and move it to the right ventricle
19
Q
What is the role of the left atrium
A
to collect oxygenated blood from the lungs and move it to the left ventricle
20
Q
What is the role of the right ventricle
A
To pump blood to the lungs for oxygenation
21
Q
what is the role of the left ventricle
A
To pump the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
22
Q
What veins bring deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
A
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
23
Q
What valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle
A
tricuspid valve
24
Q
What arteries bring blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
A
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
25
What valve separates the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries
pulmonic valve
26
What veins bring oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
right pulmonary veins
left pulmonary veins
27
Which valve separates the left atrium and the left ventricle
mitral (bicuspid) valve
28
Which valve separates the left ventricle and the aorta
aortic semilunar valve (aortic valve)
29
Which artery vascularizes the right side of the heart
the right coronary artery
30
which artery vascularizes the left side of the heart
the left coronary artery
31
What are the names of the two branches of the left coronary artery
Left anterior descending artery
circumflex artery
32
What is the other name for the sinoatrial (SA) node
pacemaker of the heart
33
what is the sequence of the four structures responsible for conduction of a contraction impulse in the heart
sinoatrial (SA) node
atrioventricular (AV) node
bundle of his
purkinje fibers
34
what is blood pressure (BP)
The force exerted by blood against the arterial walls during two phases of a heartbeat
35
What are the two phases of a heartbeat
the contraction phase (systole) when the blood is forced out of the heart
the relaxation phase (diastole) when the ventricles are filling with blood
36
What is systole
the contraction phase of a heartbeat
37
What is diastole
the relaxation phase of a heartbeat
38
what are the amount of force produced by systole and diastole
systole - maximum force
diastole - weakest force
39
what does a sphygmomanometer do
Measure blood pressure
40
what five factors influence blood pressure
Resistance of blood flow and blood vessels
pumping action of the heart
viscosity of blood
elasticity of arteries
quantity of blood in the vascular system
41
What does the CF "aneurysm/o" mean
aneurysm (widened blood vessel)
42
What is the CF for "aneurysm"
aneurysm/o
43
What does the CF "angi/o" mean
vessel (usuall blood or lymph)
44
What are the CFs for "vessel"
angi/o
vascul/o
45
What does the CF "vascul/o" mean
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
46
What does the CF "aort/o" mean
aorta
47
What is the CF for "aorta"
aort/o
48
What does the CF "arteri/o" mean
artery
49
What is the CF for "artery"
arteri/o
50
What does the CF "arteriol/o" mean
arterioles
51
What is the CF for "arterioles"
"arteriol/o"
52
What does the CF "atri/o" mean
atrium
53
What is the CF for "atrium"
atri/o
54
What does the CF "ather/o" mean
fatty plaque
55
What is the CF for "fatty plaque"
ather/o
56
What does the CF "electr/o" mean
electricity
57
What is the CF for "electricity"
electr/o
58
What does the CF "embol/o" mean
embolus (plug)
59
What is the CF for "embolus"
embol/o
60
What does the CF "hemangi/o" mean
blood vessel
61
What is the CF for "blood vessel"
hemangi/o
62
What does the CF "my/o" mean
muscle
63
What is the CF for "muscle"
my/o
64
What does the CF "phleb/o" mean
vein
65
What are the CFs for "vein"
phleb/o
ven/o
66
What does the CF "ven/o" mean
vein
67
What does the CF "sept/o" mean
septum
68
What is the CF for "septum"
sept/o
69
What does the CF "sphygm/o" mean
pulse
70
What is the CF for "pulse"
sphygm/o
71
What does the CF "sten/o" mean
narrowing, stricture
72
What is the CF for "narrowing/stricture"
sten/o
73
What does the CF "thromb/o" mean
blood clot
74
What is the CF for "blood clot"
thromb/o
75
What does the CF "valv/o" mean
valve
76
What are the CFs for "valve"
valv/o
valvul/o
77
What does the CF "valvul/o" mean
valve
78
What does the CF "ventricul/o" mean
ventricle (of the heart or brain)
79
What is the CF for "ventricle"
ventricul/o
80
What does the suffix -cardia mean
heart condition
81
What is the suffix for "heart condition"
-cardia
82
What does the suffix -stenosis mean
narrowing, stricture
83
What is the suffix for "narrowing/stricture"
-stenosis
84
What is the name for the medical specialty concerned with disorders of the cardiovascular system
cardiology
85
what is arteriosclerosis
A progressive degenerative disease of arterial walls that causes them to become thickened and brittle restricting blood flow to tissues and organs
86
what is coronary artery disease (CAD)
Any disease that interferes with the ability of the coronary arteries that supply blood to the myocardium
87
what is endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its valves
88
what are varicose veins
Enlarged, engorged, twisted, superficial veins caused by failure to prevent backflow of blood
89
(T/F) Most cancers of the heart originate in the heart
False - most cancers of the heart originate from another area of the body and then metastasize to the heart
90
what is an aneurysm
Localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery
91
what is angina
Chest pain caused by obstructions or spasms of the coronary artery that decrease blood flow to the myocardium; also called angina pectoris
92
what is arrhythmia
Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart; also called dysrhythmia
93
what is bradycardia
Abnormally slow heart rate, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in a resting adult
94
what is fibrillation
Abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles
95
what is heart block
Interference with the normal transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node to the purkinje fibers
96
what is tachycardia
Abnormally fast for regular rhythm, with a heart possibly beating up to 200 bpm
97
What is bruit
Soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation and associated valvular action, the movement of blood as it passes in obstruction, or both; also called murmur
98
What is cardiomyopathy
Disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function
99
what is coarctation
Narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta
100
what is an embolism
Intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of the body and causes a blockage in another area, commonly leading to life-threatening situations
101
what is heart failure (HF)
Disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of blood required by the body
102
what is hyperlipidemia
Excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood
103
what is hypertension
Elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mmHg
104
what is hypotension
low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mmHg
105
what is mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
Structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
106
what is palpitation
Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter
107
what is peripheral artery disease (PAD)
Common circulatory disorder characterized by reduce flow of blood to the extremities, especially the legs, resulting in muscle cramping in pain, and commonly the only result atherosclerosis
108
what is phlebitis
Information of a deep or superficial vein in the arms or legs (more commonly the legs)
109
what is rheumatic heart disease or (RHD)
Serious pathological condition resulting from rheumatic fever, commonly causing permanent scarring of the heart valves, especially the mitral valve
110
what is syncope
Partial or complete loss of consciousness usually caused by a decrease supply of blood to the brain; also called fainting
111
what is thrombosis
Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation
112
what is deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs; also called deep venous thrombosis
113
What is electrocardiography
Procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs
114
what is a Holter monitor test
Procedure that uses a small, portable system to record install the electrical activity of the heart over 24 to 48 hour period; also called event monitor test
115
what is a stress test
ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill)
116
what is a cardiac biomarkers test
Blood test that measures the presence and amount of several substances released by the heart when it is damaged or under stress; also called cardiac enzyme test
117
what is a lipid panel
Series of blood tests (total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease
118
what is an angiography
Procedure that records a radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel (angiogram) after injection of a contrast medium
119
what is an aortography
Angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium
120
what is a coronary angiography
Specialized type of angiography that helps diagnosed analysis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle
121
what is a Doppler US
Ultrasonography used to assess the direction and speed of blood flow through blood vessels but reflecting sound waves of red blood vessels; also called ultrasonography using sound pitch
122
what is a carotid artery US
Ultrasound procedure that determines blood flow problems, by blood clots, Platte, or tears on the walls of the carotid arteries
123
is echocardiography (ECHO)
Ultrasound test that produces moving images of blood passing through the heart, valves, and chambers, and assesses cardiac output
124
What is myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)
Non-invasive imaging using a radio active tracer in conjunction with a stress test to show how well blood flows through (perfuses) the heart muscle at rest and during exercise; also called nuclear stress test
125
what is single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
No cardio perfusion test that involves injection of a radioactive tracer into blood while gamma camera moves and circle around the patient to create individual images as "slices" of the heart (tomography)
126
what is cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Specialized MRI procedure that provides images of the heart chambers, valves, major vessels, and pericardium
127
what is magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
Type of MRI that provides highly detailed images of blood vessels
128
what is multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan
Nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how effectively the heart walls move it to contract and then calculate the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the vegetable can pump out in one contraction)
129
what is cardiac catheterization (CC)
Passage of a catheter into the hearts are with Zane or are going to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart
130
what is electrophysiology study (EPS)
Special catheterization test that involves insertion of electrode catheters in the heart to study and map the conduction system and safely reproduce the abnormal heart rhythm affecting the patient's heart
131
what is an angioplasty
Endovascular procedure that reopens narrow blood vessels to restore forward blood flow
132
what is a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
Angioplasty of the coronary arteries that involves insertion of a balloon catheter through the right femoral artery to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore blood flow
133
what is cardiac ablation
Procedure in which a catheter is inserted through a van in the groin and brought it to the heart to correct structural problems in the heart that cause an arrhythmia
134
what is a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked area of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle
135
what is an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
Small, battery powered device inserted within the chest of a patient who is at high risk for developing an arrhythmia, such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or cardiac arrest; also called automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD)
136
what is open-heart surgery
Surgical procedure in which the sternum is cut in half vertically to open the chest and expose the heart, its valves, or the arteries
137
What is pacemaker insertion
Implantation of a battery power device inside the chest to control the heart rate and rhythm
138
what is defibrillation
Life-saving emergency treatment to restore the heart and cardio respiratory arrest by delivering high voltage electricity current through the heart
139
what is cardioversion
Defibrillation technique using low energy shocks to reset the hearts rhythm back to its normal pattern
140
What do angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors do
Lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I (an active enzyme) to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor)
141
What do angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) do
Lower blood pressure by blocking the angiotensin II enzyme from causing vasoconstruction
142
What do antiarrhythmics do
Prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac arrhythmias (disarrhythmias) by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart
143
What do beta blockers do
Block the effects of adrenaline, which slows nerve pulses through the heart, causing a decrease in heart rate
144
what do calcium channel blockers do
Black movement of calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial cells and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease
145
what do diuretics do
Act on kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium
146
what do nitrates do
Dilate blood vessels of the heart, causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium, and widen blood vessels of the body, allowing more blood flow to the heart
147
what do statins do
Lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it
