Ch 8 & 9

Question 0

Define compound lipid

Answer 0

Phospholipids, glycolipids, and lipoproteins

Question 1

Define lipid

Answer 1

Fats, oils, waxes

Question 2

Define derived lipids

Answer 2

Derived by hydrolysis

Fatty acids, glycerol, other alcohols

Question 3

Describe the structure of a lipid (TAG)

Answer 3

Tri acyl glyceride
C - OH ~~~~~~~
 I
C - OH ~~~~~~~
 I
C - OH ~~~~~~~

Question 4

What does the designation C 18:2 mean?

Answer 4

Number of carbons: number of double bonds

Question 5

What is an omega fatty acid?

Answer 5

Contain linolenic acid, eicosapentaenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid
18:3 20:5 22:6

Question 6

Differ between CIS an trans fatty acids. Which is more harmful and why?

Answer 6

CIS has kink
Trans is linear
Bad because the linear shape causes plaque to form in arteries

Question 7

Name 2 modified lipids. Include general structure and function.

Answer 7

Add a phosphate - phospholipid
Add a carb - glycolipid
Add a protein - lipoprotein

Question 8

What does the saponification number indicate? Iodine number?

Answer 8

Saponification number - number of mg of KOH required for the hydrolysis of 1 g of fat
Iodine number - number of gams of iodine that can be added to the unsaturated bonds in 100 g of fat.

Question 9

Define and give examples of essential fatty acids.

Answer 9

Acids your body does not make on its own, must be in diet

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid

Question 10

Describe the structure and function of a micelle

Answer 10

Contain fat soluble vitamins, increase absorption

Question 11

Describe the absorption of lipids

Answer 11

Upper small intestine then enters the eps or lymphatic system

Question 12

Define lipoprotein. List 3 examples.

Answer 12

A protein and a lipid together.

VLDL, LDL, HDL

Question 13

What is the main concern about cholesterol and it’s protein carrier?

Answer 13

A

Question 14

What does table 8.6 indicate between the relationship of dietary fat and animal fat composition?

Answer 14

18:0 is most efficient

Question 15

Define turnover rate. What is it for lipids?

Answer 15

A

Question 16

How does the term beta oxidation relate to lipids?

Answer 16

A

Question 17

List the general steps in lipid metabolism

Answer 17

1. Dehydrogenase
2. Hydrase
3. Oxidation
4. Removal of coA

Question 18

List the ketone bodies

Answer 18

Acetone, acetoacetate, hydroxybutyrate

Question 19

How does obesity relate to the number and size of adipose cells?

Answer 19

Number stays the same, size increases

Question 20

How does the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fat (M+P)/S relate to plasma cholesterol?

Answer 20

A

Question 21

Describe the basic structure of an amino acid.

Answer 21

H    H
       I     I
H - N - C - C = O
             I      I OH
            [  ]

Question 22

List the categories of A/As.

Answer 22

Aliphatic amino acid, alanine
Aromatic, phenyl alanine
Sulfur containing, cystine
Heterocyclic, proline
Acidic, aspartic acid
Basic, lysine

Question 23

Describe the basic structures of a protein

Answer 23

Primary, secondary, teritiary

Question 24

Explain denaturization.

Answer 24

Changes shape, loses function due to temp change or pH change

Question 25

How can proteins be modified?

Answer 25

By adding carbs - glycoprotein | Add lipid - lipoprotein or sulfur

Question 26

Differ between D and L forms of an amino acid.

Answer 26

When alpha C has 4 different groups L naturally occurring enzyme fits can be metabolized D synthetic enzyme doesn't fit cannot be metabolized

Question 27

Define nutritional value.

Answer 27

Higher the digestible value, higher the digestibility and energy. Balance of essential amino acids.

Question 28

List 3 sites for A/A synthesis.

Answer 28

From diet, endogenous, microbs

Question 29

What are the main products of A/A digestion?

Answer 29

NH3, S, VFA

Question 30

Describe the two processes involved in protein synthesis.

Answer 30

Transfer of information and translation of messenger RNA

Question 31

Define deamination and transmination

Answer 31

Deamination - removal of the amino group, entrance of amino group into the urea cycle. Transamination - transfer of amino group to the carbon skeleton of a keto acid.

Question 32

Describe the urea cycle.

Answer 32

Carbornyl phosphate - ornithine - citroline - arginine - urea

Question 33

Name 3 specific A/A deficiencies and an associated disease.

Answer 33

Tryptophan - eye cataracts Threonine - fatty liver Lysine - birds abnormal feathering

Question 34

List 4 NPN sources

Answer 34

Urea, A/A, peptides, amines, nucleic acids

Question 35

Can urea be used as a nitrogen source in non ruminants? Explain.

Answer 35

No, no urease to metabolize urea

Question 36

Describe the normal protein metabolic pathway for ruminants.

Answer 36

Protein - NH3 - urea - saliva - rumen - A/A synthesis

Question 37

Define amino acid toxicity and amino acid imbalance.

Answer 37

When the levels exceed the animals ability to metabolize. Toxicity large amount. Imbalance small amount.

Question 38

Define biological value. Give the formula.

Answer 38

Amount of Nitrogen absorbed. N intake - [fecal N + urinary N] / N intake - fecal N X 100

Question 39

What does NPU stand for? Give an example.

Answer 39

Net protein utilization. Measures efficiency of growth.