Final

Question 0

What affects zinc absorption?

Answer 0

Raised Ca and raised phytate reduce Zn absorption

Question 1

Describe a function for zinc.

Answer 1

To make carbonic acid -> buffer, dephosphorylation, bone and cartilage formation

Question 2

What is the most obvious sign for zinc deficiency?

Answer 2

Growth retardation

Question 3

Describe the association of iron with the porphyrin ring and the cytochromes.

Answer 3

Hem = Fe + porphyrin ring

Question 4

Why isn’t much iron required in the diet as compared to other trace elements?

Answer 4

Body recycles it

Question 5

What is the most common sign of iron deficiency? Why?

Answer 5

Microcytic, hypo chronic anemia

Smaller RBC, paler RBC

Question 6

How is copper related to iron?

Answer 6

Ceruloplasmin Fe 2+ -> Fe 3+ iron for transport

Question 7

How is copper related to the CNS?

Answer 7

Myelination

Question 8

How does the term cofactors relate to trace elements?

Answer 8

A

Question 9

Why does the list of trace elements continue to grow?

Answer 9

Better detection, smaller levels ie. Nano pico etc

Question 10

List 5 trace elements.

Answer 10

Lead, nickel, tin, iron, aluminum

Question 11

List 2 analytical detection methods.

Answer 11

Neutron activation, spark source spectrometry

Question 12

Why is cobalt important?

Answer 12

Stimulation of RBCs, cofactor vitamin B12

Question 13

What is the critical level of cobalt in ruminants?

Answer 13

.07 to .11 ppm (minimum level)

Question 14

What is the importance of iodine? Start with the A/A tyrosine in your answer.

Answer 14

Aiding is bound to tyrosine and makes thyroid hormone

Question 15

Define goitrogenic.

Answer 15

Inhibits uptake of iodine, stimulates formation of a goiter

Question 16

What level of copper is associated with abnormal hematopoesis?

Answer 16

A

Question 17

Where is manganese utilized?

Answer 17

Chondroiton sulfate production, stimulates synthesis of cholesterol

Question 18

How is selenium related to lipid metabolism?

Answer 18

Prevents peroxide formation during lipid metabolism (oxidation)

Question 19

List a deficiency for selenium.

Answer 19

Nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD), liver necrosis

Question 20

What is the most and least tolerant dietary element? What is the concentration?

Answer 20

Most - chromium (3000 ppm)

Least - silicon (.2%)

Question 21

What are three sources of lead? Anything modern?

Answer 21

Old paint, toys from China, old pipe joints

Question 22

How can lead be diagnosed on a blood smear?

Answer 22

Basophilic stipling, blue dots in RBCs

Question 23

Why is Mercury toxic?

Answer 23

Accumulates in lysosomes, causes rupture, causes hydrolytic enzyme release (offset by selenium)

Question 24

What does fluorine prevent?

Answer 24

Dental caries

Question 25

What is a source of fluorine?

Answer 25

Steel manufacturing, rocks

Question 26

What is considered a safe level for fluorine? Toxic?

Answer 26

1 ppm safe, 2 ppm not safe, 8 ppm bone deformation, 110 ppm growth retardation

Question 27

What does fluorine block?

Answer 27

Protein synthesis of bacteria in oral cavity

Question 28

List 2 examples of potent toxins. Location?

Answer 28

Molybdenum - soil | Cadmium - batteries

Question 29

How does vitamin a function? Source?

Answer 29

2 beta carotene units, yellow foods

Question 30

What is the relationship between IU and mass?

Answer 30

IU measures biological activity, different for each vitamin

Question 31

Why are carotenoids considered anti mutagenic?

Answer 31

Prevents DNA alterations. Antioxidants.

Question 32

List a deficiency for vitamin A

Answer 32

Night blindness

Question 33

Describe the use of the term metaplasia in vitamin a deficiency.

Answer 33

Change of one cell form to another (cuboidal, columnar, squamous)

Question 34

What helps a vitamin A,D,E and K be absorbed?

Answer 34

Lipids in duct

Question 35

Describe the role of vitamin D in calcium absorption. Include the role of the lungs and intestine.

Answer 35

A

Question 36

List 2 signs of vitamin D deficiency.

Answer 36

Rickets - young | Osteomalacia - older

Question 37

What is the role of vitamin E?

Answer 37

Alpha tocopherol | fx. Antioxidant

Question 38

What do massive amounts of vitamin E stimulate?

Answer 38

A

Question 39

List three areas where vitamin E deficiency show up.

Answer 39

Reproductive failure, cell permeability, muscular lesions

Question 40

How is vitamin E related to lipid metabolism?

Answer 40

A

Question 41

How is vitamin K related to blood clotting? List the clotting proteins.

Answer 41

Production of 2,7,9,10, and prothrombin

Question 42

What class of compounds is associated with vitamin K?

Answer 42

Menadione

Question 43

Name 2 anticoagulants.

Answer 43

Coumadin, warfarin, aspirin

Question 44

When would anticoagulants be administered?

Answer 44

Prevent blood clots, stroke prevention, extensive surgery

Question 45

What is another name for thiamin? How does the term decarboxylation relate to the role of thiamin?

Answer 45

Vitamin B1 or F | Involved in decarboxylation of alpha keto acids

Question 46

What increases d.t. a thiamin deficiency? Why?

Answer 46

A

Question 47

Define pyrophosphate.

Answer 47

Salt or ester containing two phosphate groups

Question 48

What is another name for riboflavin? Function? Deficiency?

Answer 48

Vitamin B2 or G Coenzymes FAD and FMN Reduced growth rate

Question 49

What is another name for niacin? Fx? Which A/A is niacin associated with? Deficiency? Relationship with tryptophan?

Answer 49

``` Nicotonic acid Constituent of NAD and NADP Tryptophan Reduced growth rate and appetite Tryptophan can be converted to niacin if needed ```

Question 50

What is the function of pantothenic acid? Include the role of CoA. Deficiency? (Gait problems)

Answer 50

Component of CoA Acetylation of compounds in energy metabolism Slow growth, gait problems

Question 51

What is the advantage of making organic compounds into a salt?

Answer 51

A

Question 52

What is the basic structure of Vit B6? What is the function? Include definition of a transminase. Deficiency?

Answer 52

Protein and nitrogen metabolism Changes one amino acid to another Convulsions

Question 53

What can be used to treat vitamin B6 deficiency?

Answer 53

GABA

Question 54

What name is associated with vitamin B12? What function? How is this vitamin related to the intrinsic factor? Deficiency?

Answer 54

Cyanocobalamin Hematopoesis - RBC formation Isomerase - one form to another Intrinsic factor needed for B12 absorption Growth retardation, degeneration of spinal cord

Question 55

What is the function of folacin? What type of anemia is associated with folacin deficiency?

Answer 55

N/A synthesis Methylation - addition of single C fragments Hyperchromic, macrocytic anemia

Question 56

What is the role of biotin?

Answer 56

Transcarboxylation, decarboxylation

Question 57

Describe the role of choline. Name two molecules that have choline incorporated in them.

Answer 57

Help make Ach, cell membranes | Ach and phospholipids

Question 58

What is another name for vitamin C? Fx? Signs of deficiency?

Answer 58

Ascorbic acid Antioxidant Scurvey, edema, weight loss, diarrhea

Question 59

Where is insitol found? Fx?

Answer 59

Cell membrane, phytate | Cell signaling, activation of secondary messenger