Final Flashcards

(60 cards)

0
Q

What affects zinc absorption?

A

Raised Ca and raised phytate reduce Zn absorption

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1
Q

Describe a function for zinc.

A

To make carbonic acid -> buffer, dephosphorylation, bone and cartilage formation

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2
Q

What is the most obvious sign for zinc deficiency?

A

Growth retardation

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3
Q

Describe the association of iron with the porphyrin ring and the cytochromes.

A

Hem = Fe + porphyrin ring

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4
Q

Why isn’t much iron required in the diet as compared to other trace elements?

A

Body recycles it

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5
Q

What is the most common sign of iron deficiency? Why?

A

Microcytic, hypo chronic anemia

Smaller RBC, paler RBC

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6
Q

How is copper related to iron?

A

Ceruloplasmin Fe 2+ -> Fe 3+ iron for transport

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7
Q

How is copper related to the CNS?

A

Myelination

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8
Q

How does the term cofactors relate to trace elements?

A

A

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9
Q

Why does the list of trace elements continue to grow?

A

Better detection, smaller levels ie. Nano pico etc

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10
Q

List 5 trace elements.

A

Lead, nickel, tin, iron, aluminum

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11
Q

List 2 analytical detection methods.

A

Neutron activation, spark source spectrometry

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12
Q

Why is cobalt important?

A

Stimulation of RBCs, cofactor vitamin B12

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13
Q

What is the critical level of cobalt in ruminants?

A

.07 to .11 ppm (minimum level)

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14
Q

What is the importance of iodine? Start with the A/A tyrosine in your answer.

A

Aiding is bound to tyrosine and makes thyroid hormone

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15
Q

Define goitrogenic.

A

Inhibits uptake of iodine, stimulates formation of a goiter

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16
Q

What level of copper is associated with abnormal hematopoesis?

A

A

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17
Q

Where is manganese utilized?

A

Chondroiton sulfate production, stimulates synthesis of cholesterol

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18
Q

How is selenium related to lipid metabolism?

A

Prevents peroxide formation during lipid metabolism (oxidation)

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19
Q

List a deficiency for selenium.

A

Nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD), liver necrosis

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20
Q

What is the most and least tolerant dietary element? What is the concentration?

A

Most - chromium (3000 ppm)

Least - silicon (.2%)

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21
Q

What are three sources of lead? Anything modern?

A

Old paint, toys from China, old pipe joints

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22
Q

How can lead be diagnosed on a blood smear?

A

Basophilic stipling, blue dots in RBCs

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23
Q

Why is Mercury toxic?

A

Accumulates in lysosomes, causes rupture, causes hydrolytic enzyme release (offset by selenium)

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24
What does fluorine prevent?
Dental caries
25
What is a source of fluorine?
Steel manufacturing, rocks
26
What is considered a safe level for fluorine? Toxic?
1 ppm safe, 2 ppm not safe, 8 ppm bone deformation, 110 ppm growth retardation
27
What does fluorine block?
Protein synthesis of bacteria in oral cavity
28
List 2 examples of potent toxins. Location?
Molybdenum - soil | Cadmium - batteries
29
How does vitamin a function? Source?
2 beta carotene units, yellow foods
30
What is the relationship between IU and mass?
IU measures biological activity, different for each vitamin
31
Why are carotenoids considered anti mutagenic?
Prevents DNA alterations. Antioxidants.
32
List a deficiency for vitamin A
Night blindness
33
Describe the use of the term metaplasia in vitamin a deficiency.
Change of one cell form to another (cuboidal, columnar, squamous)
34
What helps a vitamin A,D,E and K be absorbed?
Lipids in duct
35
Describe the role of vitamin D in calcium absorption. Include the role of the lungs and intestine.
A
36
List 2 signs of vitamin D deficiency.
Rickets - young | Osteomalacia - older
37
What is the role of vitamin E?
Alpha tocopherol | fx. Antioxidant
38
What do massive amounts of vitamin E stimulate?
A
39
List three areas where vitamin E deficiency show up.
Reproductive failure, cell permeability, muscular lesions
40
How is vitamin E related to lipid metabolism?
A
41
How is vitamin K related to blood clotting? List the clotting proteins.
Production of 2,7,9,10, and prothrombin
42
What class of compounds is associated with vitamin K?
Menadione
43
Name 2 anticoagulants.
Coumadin, warfarin, aspirin
44
When would anticoagulants be administered?
Prevent blood clots, stroke prevention, extensive surgery
45
What is another name for thiamin? How does the term decarboxylation relate to the role of thiamin?
Vitamin B1 or F | Involved in decarboxylation of alpha keto acids
46
What increases d.t. a thiamin deficiency? Why?
A
47
Define pyrophosphate.
Salt or ester containing two phosphate groups
48
What is another name for riboflavin? Function? Deficiency?
Vitamin B2 or G Coenzymes FAD and FMN Reduced growth rate
49
What is another name for niacin? Fx? Which A/A is niacin associated with? Deficiency? Relationship with tryptophan?
``` Nicotonic acid Constituent of NAD and NADP Tryptophan Reduced growth rate and appetite Tryptophan can be converted to niacin if needed ```
50
What is the function of pantothenic acid? Include the role of CoA. Deficiency? (Gait problems)
Component of CoA Acetylation of compounds in energy metabolism Slow growth, gait problems
51
What is the advantage of making organic compounds into a salt?
A
52
What is the basic structure of Vit B6? What is the function? Include definition of a transminase. Deficiency?
Protein and nitrogen metabolism Changes one amino acid to another Convulsions
53
What can be used to treat vitamin B6 deficiency?
GABA
54
What name is associated with vitamin B12? What function? How is this vitamin related to the intrinsic factor? Deficiency?
Cyanocobalamin Hematopoesis - RBC formation Isomerase - one form to another Intrinsic factor needed for B12 absorption Growth retardation, degeneration of spinal cord
55
What is the function of folacin? What type of anemia is associated with folacin deficiency?
N/A synthesis Methylation - addition of single C fragments Hyperchromic, macrocytic anemia
56
What is the role of biotin?
Transcarboxylation, decarboxylation
57
Describe the role of choline. Name two molecules that have choline incorporated in them.
Help make Ach, cell membranes | Ach and phospholipids
58
What is another name for vitamin C? Fx? Signs of deficiency?
Ascorbic acid Antioxidant Scurvey, edema, weight loss, diarrhea
59
Where is insitol found? Fx?
Cell membrane, phytate | Cell signaling, activation of secondary messenger