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Donny RAD POS ll > Ch 8 Cervical + Thoracic > Flashcards

Ch 8 Cervical + Thoracic Flashcards

exam review (124 cards)

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1
Q

Where do you inject for a Myelogram (cervical)?
What is this called?

A

C1-C2
Subarachnoid space
Cisternal puncture

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2
Q

What is Lordosis?

A

increased concavity (lumbar)
exaggerated lumbar curvature
(swayback)

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3
Q

What is Scoliosis?

A

exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine

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4
Q

What is Kyphosis?

A

increased (exaggerated) convexity in the thoracic area
(humpback)

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5
Q

What is Halatosis? **

A
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6
Q

what is concave?

A

rounded inward
or
depressed surface like a cave

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7
Q

what is convex?

A

rounded outward
or
elevated surface

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8
Q

Cervical is what type of curve?

A

first compensatory curve
concave

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9
Q

Thoracic is what type of curve?

A

first primary curve
convex

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10
Q

lumbar is what type of curve?

A

second compensatory curve
concave

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11
Q

sacrum (sacral) is what type of curve?

A

second primary curve
convex

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12
Q

What makes up the zygapophyseal joint?

A

superior and inferior articular processes**

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13
Q

compensatory curve=

A

concave (lordotic)
(1st cervical) (2nd lumbar)

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14
Q

Primary curve=
What are the 2 primary curves?

A

convex
(1st thoracic) (2nd sacrum)

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15
Q

What are primary curves?

A

convex curves
1st primary curve: thoracic
2nd primary curve: sacral

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16
Q

What are compensatory curves?

A

Concave curves
1st compensatory curve: cervical
2nd compensatory curve: lumbar

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17
Q

Where is the pedicle located? *****
What does it connect?

A

posterior to the body of the vertebrae
attaches body to vertebral arch
(terminate in the area of the transverse process)

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18
Q

Where are the laminae located? *****
What does it connect?

A

connects the transverse process to the spinous process
(posterior to transverse anterior to spinous)

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19
Q

In a cervical exam when would we see the zygapophyseal joints? (C2-C7)

A

true lateral
90 degrees to the midsagittal plane

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20
Q

When do we see the C1 & C2 Z joints?

A

In an AP open mouth

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21
Q

In a cervical exam when would we see the foramen?

A

45 degree oblique

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22
Q

When would we best see the intervertebral disk space best?

A

AP

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23
Q

When the positioning of the patient changes from AP to PA what happens to the angle?

A

AP to PA would change the angle from being cephalic to caudad and vice versa

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24
Q

How do we position for an open mouth?

A

upper incisors and base of skull lined up

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25
When taking the Judd and Fuchs what are we looking for and what does it look like?
J: Dens sticking out in the hole of skull (foramen magna) Book: Den's and surrounding bony structures of the C1 ring
26
What is the name of the joint that articulates/connects the skull and the atlas?
Atlantooccipital joint
27
What is the purpose of the transverse foramen in the cervical spine?
For the nerve roots to connect to the brain ****
28
How many zygapophyseal joints do we see in a lateral (cervical)?
5 Z joints (C1 & C2 are seen in AP open mouth)
29
(t/f) During trauma we are doing a cross table lateral for a cervical spine we don't see the anatomy demonstrated we would use a sand bag.
false Sandbags would cause more harm then good
30
how we position for a flexion cervical?
true lateral depress chin until it touches chest
31
How would we position for extension cervical?
true lateral raise chin and tilt head back as far as possible
32
What skull line would we use to position for Judd and Fuchs?
MML (Mentomeatal line)
33
What is the space called that we inject myelograms? What level of the spine is this?
Subarachnoid space Cervical: C1-C2 Lumbar: L3-L4
34
Which foramen is seen in PA cervical oblique? (RAO/LAO)
downside (closest to IR) (marker is on side down)
35
Which foramen is seen in AP cervical oblique?
foramen farthest from IR (upside) (marker on side up) (RPO/LPO)
36
Which foramen is seen on LAO cervical oblique? how is the projection? how are the markers?
left foramen (downside) PA projection Mark side down, left side (cause that foramen is best demonstrated)
37
Which foramen is seen on RPO cervical oblique? how is the projection? how are the markers?
left foramen (upside so opposite) AP projection Marker on side up, left-side (bc that foramen is best shown)
38
Which foramen is seen on LPO cervical oblique? how is the projection? how are the markers?
Right foramen (upside) AP projection Marker on side up, right-side (bc that foramen is best shown)
39
Which foramen is seen on RAO cervical oblique? how is the projection? how are the markers?
right side (downside) PA projection Marker is side down, right-side (bc that foramen is best demonstrated)
40
What level is the vertebral prominens at?
C7
41
What level is the jugular notch located at?
T2-T3
42
What level is the xiphoid tip located at?
T9-T10
43
What level is the thyroid cartilage located at?
C5 (varies between C4-C6)
44
What level is the sternal angle located at?
T4-T5
45
Where is mid thorax located? How do we find this?
T7 by going 3-4 inches inferior to jugular notch for AP or 7-8 inches below vertebral promenins for PA
46
What is another way to find mid-thorax in an PA projection?
7-8 inches below vertebra prominens (7 for women 8 for men)
47
What level is the EAM located at?
1 inch above C1 (mastoid tip)
48
At what level is the mastiod tip located?
C1 (one inch inferior to EAM)
49
What is the jeffersons fx?
fx of C1 Ant & Post arches from landing on feet/head abruptly (AP open mouth best demonstrates this)
50
What is the clay shoveler's fx?
avulsion fx of C6 to T1 from hyperextending neck (best demonstrated in a lateral C spine)
51
What is a compression wedge fx?
collapse of T/L vertebral bodies from flexion vertebral shapes like a wedge instead of a block
52
Scoliosis can be caused by:
Neuromuscular disorder congenital (happens from birth) idiopathic (just cause)
53
looking from the posterior aspect the cervical spine appears to be concave or convex?
concave
54
When do you see the zygapophyseal joints in a thoracic spine?
70-75 degree oblique from the midsagittal plane
55
When do you see the foramen in the thoracic spine?
90 degrees to the midsagittal plane (true lateral)
56
Where is the facet located?
57
Where is the spinous process located?
Posterior to vertebral body
58
Where are the zygapophyseal located?
in between inferior/superior articular processes
59
Where is the thoracic process located?
60
Where is superior articular process located?
61
what helps form the intervertebral foramen?
inferior vertebral notch & superior vertebral notch
62
(t/f) If the patient has a traumatic injury to their spine, its best to manipulate the tube rather than move the patient
true Moving the patient in trauma situations can lead to more damage
63
What do you see in a PA cervical oblique? AO or PO? how is the positioning?
anterior oblique (AO) 15 degrees caudad pedicles and foramina closest to IR Mark side down
64
what do you see in an AP cervical oblique? AO or PO? how is the positioning?
posterior oblique (PO) 15 degrees cephalic pedicles and foramina farthest from IR Mark side up?
65
66
General: Why is there a 15 degree cephalic angle for AP/oblique cervical spine?
shape and overlapping of the C-spine vertebrae
67
Exam: What do you seen in the lateral cervical spine?
zygapophyseal joints intervertebral disc space (joint spaces) (not best displayed but general idea)
68
What do you seen in a lateral thoracic spine?
intervertebral foramen
69
What do you see in a thoracic oblique spine?
zygapophyseal joints (70-75 degree oblique)
70
What is demonstrated in an AP open mouth (cervical)?
C1 & C2 zygapophyseal joints (AP open mouth)
71
What are the two main parts of the spine vertebrae?
body vertebral arch
72
When do we see the Zygopophyseal joints in Cervical? And Thoracic?
C spine: lateral L or R T-spine: 70-75 degree oblique PO or AO
73
When do we see the intervertebral foramina in a cervical? And thoracic?
C-spine: 45 degree oblique PO (upside) or AO (downside) T-spine: lateral L or R
74
What is demonstrated in an oblique Cervical?
intervertebral foramina (45 degrees)
75
What is best demonstrated in a lateral C spine?
Zygapophyseal joints
76
What is demonstrated in an AP thoracic spine?
intervertebral disc space
77
What would be some reasons to shoot a scoliosis x-ray PA instead of AP?
radiation safety to: gonads eyes thyroid cartilage breasts (Mainly Thyroid)
78
What can lower the amount of radiation to the patient when shooting a scoliosis x-ray?
a filter (thick to thin) shielding (brick shield**)
79
Exam: What would we do for a functionality test of the spine?
flexion and extension
80
when would we do a cross table spine?
Trauma **
81
What is the nucleus pulposus? (gusher)
inner layer of disk (soft semi-gelatinous)
82
What is the annulus fibrosis? (gusher)
outer layer of disk
83
Exam: What projection would require the most amount of dose/penetration? What is the kvp?
swimmers/ transthoracic cervical 80-90 kvp ***
84
General: how many bones in the vertebral column for a child? how many for an adult?
33 child 26 adult
85
General: Where do the first 10 thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs?
costotransverse joints & costovertebral joints
86
General: What is the anterior facet called? What is the posterior?
Costovertebral joints (anterior facets) Costotransverse joints (posterior facets)
87
General: Where do the 11th and 12th thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs?
single costovertebral joints (because 11/12 are false ribs)
88
General: what part of the spine contains the spinal cord?
Vertebral foramen
89
General: What does spine vertebrae consist of?
2 pedicles 2 lamina 2 transverse process (lateral) 1 spinous process (posteriorly) 1 large body (anteriorly) 4 articular processes (2 inferior 2 superior)
90
General: what forms the zygapophyseal joints?
2 inferior articular processes 2 superior articular processes (forms left and right Z joints)
91
General: what is the space in between the vertebrae called?
intervertebral disc space
92
General: what are the "anterior" facets called?
costovertebral joints (for the head of the rib)
93
General: what are the "posterior" facets called?
costotransverse joints (for the tubercle rib)
94
General: What are T1-T4 similar too? What are T5-T8 referred as? What are T9-T12 similar to?
cervical vertebrae (small) typical thoracic vertebrae (medium) lumbar vertebrae (large)
95
General: what is the joint between C1 and the skull? What type of joint is this?
Atlantooccipital joint synovial, diarthrodial, ellipsoid (condyloid)
96
General: What is the name of the joints between C1 and C2? What type of joints are these?
R and L lateral atlantoaxial joints synovial, diarthrodial, plane or gliding
97
General: what type of joints are the medial atlantooccipital joints?
synovial, diarthrodial, pivot (trochoid)
98
General: What kind of joints are the intervertebral joints? (C2-T12)
amphiarthrodial (slightly moveable) cartilaginous (symphysis)
99
General: What kind of joints are the zygapophyseal joints?
plane or gliding synovial diarthrodial
100
General: What type of joints are the costotransverse (T1-T10) and the costovertebral (T1-T12) joints?
plane or gliding synovial Diarthrodial
101
General: How do we see the C-spine intervertebral foramina in an PA projection?
45 degree oblique LAO/RAO 15 degrees caudad LAO shows left foramina RAO shows right foramina (AO shows the same side foramina) (downside visualized)
102
General: How do we see the C-spine intervertebral foramina in an AP projection?
45 degree oblique LPO/RPO 15 degrees cephalic LPO shows right foramina RPO shows left foramina (PO shows the opposite side foramina) (upside visualized)
103
General: C spine AO key differences
15 degrees caudad LAO/RAO AO shows downside (same side) foramina (ex: LAO shows left foramina)
104
General: C spine PO key differences
15 degrees cephalic LPO/RPO PO shows upside (opposite side) foramina (ex: LPO shows right foramina)
105
General: when do you see the vertebral foramina in a T-spine x-ray?
R or L lateral
106
General: When do you see the Zygapophyseal joints in a Thoracic spine?
70 degree oblique LPO/RPO = upside (PO shows opposite side) LAO/RAO =Downside (AO shows same side)
107
General: what does wagging jaw best show?
108
General: What are the cervical landmarks?
mastoid tip (C1) gonion (C3) thyroid cartilage (C5) (Adam's apple) vertebral Prominens (C7) last cervical spinous process
109
General: what are the thoracic landmarks?
jugular notch (T2-T3) sternal angle (T4-T5) mid-thorax (T7) (3-4 inches below jugular notch or 7-8 inches below prominens) xiphoid tip (T9-T10)
110
General: What is the CR for AP open mouth? What is best shown?
Upper incisors & base of skull lined up CR is mid-mouth Odontoid process (Dens) & C1 and C2
111
General: What is the CR for a AP axial cervical? What is best shown?
15 (supine) - 20 (erect) cephalic CR is C4 disk space from C3-T2
112
General: What is the CR for Oblique? What is best shown?
RAO/LAO is 15 caudad RPO/LPO is 15 cephalic CR is C4 Foramen and pedicles best shown
113
General: What is the CR for Lateral Cervical?
true lateral CR is C4 expose on second expiration (to drop shoulders)
114
General: What is the CR for Swimmers lateral cervical spine?
left arm raised, right arm dropped 3-5 caudad CR is T1 (1 inch above jugular notch) expose of second full expiration
115
General: What is the CR for flexion cervical?
CR is C4 expose on 2nd expiration head depressed to chin
116
General: What is the CR for extension cervical?
CR is C4 expose of 2nd expiration tilt head back as far as possible
117
General: What is CR for Fuch's method? What does it best show?
AP projection CR is parallel to MML Dens and bony structures of C1
118
General: What is the CR for Judd's method? What is best shown?
PA projection CR is parallel to the MML Dens/ Bony C1 is best shown
119
General: What is the CR for AP Cervical wagging Jaw? What is it also known as? What is best shown?
CR is C4 mandible in continuous motion OTTONELLO method C1-C7 vertebral bodies w/ blurred mandible
120
General: What is the CR for AP Axial projection vertebral arch (pillars)? What is best shown?
20 to 30 caudad CR is C5 Zygapophyseal joints in AP
121
General: What is the CR for AP thoracic spine? Best shown?
CR is T7 expose of expiration intervertebral disk space
122
General: What is the CR for lateral Thoracic spine?
CR is T7 intervertebral disk space and foramen
123
General: What is the CR for Oblique thoracic spine? what is best shown?
70 degree oblique 2nd full expiration CR is T7
124

Donny RAD POS ll (8 decks)

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