Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ap psych > ch. 8 motivation and emotion > Flashcards

ch. 8 motivation and emotion Flashcards

(62 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

motivation

A

biological, emotional, cognitive, and social forces that initiate and direct behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 basic characteristics of motivation

A

activation, persistence, intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

activation

A

initiation or production of behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

persistence

A

continued efforts or determination to achieve goals in the face of obstacles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

intensity

A

greater vigor of responding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

instinct theories

A

people are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming, lacks explanatory power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

drive theories

A

behavior is motivated by the desire to decrease internal tensions caused by unmet biological needs and detected by homeostasis mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

incentive theories

A

behavior is motivated by the “pull” of external goals or rewards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

arousal theory

A

very high and low arousal is unpleasant, people are motivated to maintain optimal arousal levels which vary from person to person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sensation seekers

A

need varied, complex, and unique sensory experiences, excitement seeking (not necessarily danger)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

humanistic theories of motivation

A

people are innately motivated to realize their highest personal potential, could be jeopardized by the absence of a supportive environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

insulin

A

helps control blood glucose levels and promotes glucose uptake by body tissue cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how much of the calories you intake are expended for daily physical activity vs. bodily functions

A

1/3 and 2/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

the rate at which the resting body uses energy for vital body functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

adipose tissue

A

body fat cells, stores extra energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

baseline body weight

A

average body weight, maintained by energy homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

positive energy balance

A

eaten calories > expended calories -> extra energy is stored in fat and body weight increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

negative energy balance

A

eaten calories < expended calories -> use stored energy and body weight decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ghrelin

A

“hunger hormone” manufactured in stomach lining cells, rise sharply before and fall abruptly after meals, strongly stimulates appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

satiation

A

“fullness,” the decreased desire to eat that follows eating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

hormone that stimulates stomach stretch receptors -> satiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

sensory-specific satiety

A

food becomes less appealing as you eat it, willingness to eat might return when presented with a different appealing food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

leptin

A

hormone, secreted by adipose tissue, increase causes less food intake which decreases body fat causing leptin levels to decrease and food intake to increase, regulate energy homeostasis, amount correlates with the amount of adipose tissue, receptors in the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

neuropeptide Y (NPY)

A

neurotransmitter, promoted by a decrease in leptin and insulin, triggers eating behaviors, reduces metabolism, promotes fat storage, activity decreases with weight gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
set-point theory
the body has a natural/optimal weight (set-point weight) which it tries to maintain
26
body mass index (BMI)
measure of weight status, normal: 18-25, overweight: 25-29.9, obese: greater than 30
27
"supersize it" syndrome
overeating, increase in average daily caloric intake
28
positive incentive value
overeating is motivated by very palatable foods not hunger
29
cafeteria diet effect
wider variety of food increases consumption
30
leptin resistance
caused by obesity, leptin mechanisms are disrupted
31
weight cycling/yoyo dieting
weight loss through dieting is regained until the next diet, the body resists weight loss, if caloric intake decreases metabolism will decrease
32
Abraham Maslow
humanistic psychologist, biological needs are important motivators but once met, higher psychological needs emerge as motivators
33
hierarchy of needs
people are motivated to satisfy the levels needs before moving to the next level, physiological needs -> safety needs -> love needs -> esteem needs -> self-actualization
34
self-actualization
the ultimate desire to fully use talents and potentials
35
self-determination theory (SDT)
by Edward Deci and Richard M. Ryan, people are actively growth-oriented and move towards a unified sense of self and integration with others
36
3 innate needs that must be satisfied to realize optimal psychological functioning
autonomy, competence, relatedness
37
autonomy
the need to control behavior and goals to align with your interest or values
38
competence
the need to learn and master challenging tasks
39
relatedness
the need to feel attached to others and experience belonging, security, or intimacy
40
intrinsic motivation
the desire to engage in inherently enjoyable or optimally challenging tasks
41
extrinsic motivation
external influences on behavior (rewards, responsibilities, etc.)
42
competence motivation
the strive to use behavioral skills to exercise control in a situation
43
achievement motivation
the drive to excel or outperform others
44
thematic apperception test (TAT)
measure human motives
45
3 components of emotion
subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral/expressive response
46
mood
a milder emotional state that's more general and can last hours to days
47
emotional intelligence
ability to manage your own emotions, comprehend others emotional responses, and respond appropriately to others emotions
48
Charles Darwin
emotions reflect evolutionary adaptations to survival and reproduction
49
basic emotions
all humans experience, products of evolution (fear, disgust, surprise, happiness, anger, sadness), each represent a family of related emotional states
50
2 factors emotions are universally classified by
degree of pleasantness/unpleasantness and level of activation or arousal
51
an additional factor in collectivistic cultures
level of interpersonal engagement
52
polygraph (lie detector)
measures physiological changes associated with fear or anxiety emotions, based on the assumption that lying causes anxiety
53
amygdala
important in emotional responses, key brain structure in fear response
54
Paul Ekman
studied facial expressions and emotions, the human face can create 7000 different expressions, facial expressions for the basic emotions are innate
55
anthropomorphism
attributing human qualities to an animal
56
emblems
specific nonverbal gestures that vary across cultures
57
display rules
cultural differences in facial expression management
58
James-Lange theory of emotion
physiological arousal causes emotions (not the other way around), 1. perceive a stimulus 2. physiological or behavioral changes 3. experience emotion
59
Walter Cannon
many emotions have similar body reactions but subjective experiences differ, emotional reaction to a stimulus is faster than physiological
60
facial feedback hypothesis
expressing emotion causes subjective experience, facial muscles send feedback to the brain and activate the corresponding emotional experience
61
two-factor theory of emotion
emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and cognitive labels
62
cognitive appraisal theory of emotion
the most important aspect of emotional experiences is the cognitive interpretation (appraisal) of the situation (the personal meaning of the event)

ap psych (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions