sem 1 final review Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
the goals of psychology
A
describe, predict, explain, and control/influence
2
Q
edward b. titchner
A
structuralism and introspection
3
Q
william james
A
functionalism
4
Q
cognitive perspective
A
mental processes influence behavior and vary from person to person
5
Q
cross-cultural perspective
A
diversity of behavior in different cultural settings (individualistic vs. collectivistic)
6
Q
evolutionary perspective
A
psychological processes help adapt to the environment
7
Q
empirical evidence
A
data acquired through observation or experimentation
8
Q
descriptive research
A
observe and describe behaviors
9
Q
random assignment
A
all participants have the same chance of being in the experimental group
10
Q
3 basic types of neurons
A
sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons
11
Q
actional potential
A
electrical impulse along exon, resting potential neuron is polarized -> passes stimulus threshold -> depolarizes (sodium in, potassium out)
12
Q
central nervous system
A
brain and spinal cord, protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
13
Q
phrenology
A
increased interest in cortical localization
14
Q
functional plasticity
A
shift functions from damaged to undamaged brain areas
15
Q
structural plasticity
A
physically change structure due to learning or environmental stimulus
16
Q
medulla
A
control vital autonomic functions, damage is fatal
17
Q
hypothalamus
A
regulates hunger
18
Q
grey matter
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glial cells, neuron soma, unmyelinated axons
19
Q
brocas area
A
lower left frontal lobe, crucial in speech production
20
Q
wernikes area
A
left temporal lobe, crucial in comprehending written and spoken communication
21
Q
sensation
A
basic sensory experience of environmental stimulus
22
Q
perception
A
meaningfully integrate, organize, and interpret sensory data
23
Q
vision
A
cornea -> pupil (iris) -> lens -> retina -> optic nerve
24
Q
rods
A
thin, long, blunt, 125 million, black and white (dark) vision
25
cones
short, fat, tapered, color vision, concentrated in the fovea (retinas center)
26
audition
outer (collect sound) -> middle ear (amplify sound) -> inner ear (transform sound)
27
sensory adaptation
gradual decline in sensitivity to a constant stimulus
28
gustation
saliva dissolves chemical substances -> activate taste buds
29
gate-control theory of pain
brain regulates pain by sending signals to spinal cord to close or open gates (pathways) to reduce or intensify pain based on the perception of that pain
30
kinesthetic sense
sense of location and position of body parts in relation to eachother
31
vestibular sense
sense of balance from semicircular ear canals
32
gestalt psychology
we perceive whole objects (figures or gestalts) instead of isolated pieces
33
figure-ground relationship
we automatically separate figure (main object) from ground (background)
34
myller-lyer illusion
lines at corners appear longer or shorter because of size constancy
35
monocular cues
require only 1 eye
36
relative size
if 2 objects are assumed to be similar sizes, the larger one is closer
37
overlap
an object that is blocked by another object is perceived as being farther away
38
aerial perspective
faraway objects appear slightly blurred by the atmosphere
39
texture gradient
the details of surfaces that extend in the distance becomes less clearly defined
40
linear perspective
parallel lines meet in the distance, the closer parallel lines are the farther away they seem
41
perceptual cues
distance or depth perception that require information from both eyes
42
convergence
degree to which muscles rotate your eyes to focus on an object
43
binocular disparity
when the images on both retinas are very different, the object is interpreted to be close
44
attention
the capacity to selectively focus your senses and awareness on a particular stimulus
45
3 characteristics of attention
limited capacity, selective, blind
46
limited capacity
the ability to focus your attention on only the information that is most relevant to your goals
47
selective
the ability to focus on certain things and ignore others (eg cocktail party effect)
48
blind
we miss obvious stimuli in our field of vision or hearing
49
NREM1
theta waves, sensations disengaged, consciousness can be regained quickly
50
NREM2
sleep spindles and k complexes, delta waves
51
NREM 3 and 4
delta waves, heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing drop to lowest levels
52
sigmund freuds beliefs of dreams
manifest content (actual dream images) and latent content (disguised meaning of the dream), fulfillment of repressed wishes
53
new activation-synthesis model of dreaming
dreams are the subjective awareness of the brains internally generated sleep signals
54
neurocognitive model of dreaming
there is continuity between waking and dreaming cognition, reflect interest, personalities, and worries
55
dyssomnia
disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep
56
parasomnia
undesirable physical arousal, behaviors, or events during sleep
57
neodissociation theory of hypnosis
hypnotized people experience dissocation of consciousness into one conscious stream and one dissociated stream (hidden observor)
58
diminishing rewards
dopamine receptors go down as a result of drug tolerances
59
conditioning
learning associations between the environment and behavior
60
robert rescorla
shocked rats (1 group all the time another group some of the time), showed that conditioned stimulus must be a reliable signal that predicts the unconditioned stimulus' presence
61
edward thorndikes law of effect
responses that bring satisfaction become strengthened and responses that bring unpleasantry will be weakened
62
partial reinforcement
behaviors are more resistant to extinction than continuously reinforced behaviors
63
ec tolamn
cognitive processes are important to learning behaviors
64
cognitive map
mental representatin of a layout built through experience
65
martin seligman
classically conditioned dogs to associate a tone with fear then used a shuttle body so dogs could learn to avoid a shock
66
learned helplessness
exposure to inescapable aversive events creates passive behavior
67
albert bandura
expectation of reinforcement effects performance and observational learning
68
stage model of memory
sensory, short-term, long-term
69
alan baddley's model of working memory
phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive
70
tip of the tongue experience
the inability to get information you're sure is stored in your memory
71
context effect
the tendency to remember information more easily in the same setting as the original learning environment
72
mood congruence
a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood
73
context effect
the tendency to remember information while in the same phsyiological biological learning conditions
74
encoding failure
information was never encoded into long-term memory in the first place
75
absentmindedness
when attention is divided, encoded memories are less detailed
76
retrieval cue failure
the inability to recall a memory due to inadequate retrival cues
77
retroactive interference
a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory
78
proactive interference
an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory
79
suppression
the deliberate, conscious effort to forget informaiton
80
repression
when motivated forgetting occurs unconsciously
81
source confusion
when the source of amemory is forgotten or is attributed to the wrong source
82
misinformaiton effect
information received after an event can change the memory of that event
83
lashley and thompsons findings
simple memories are localized, complex memories are distributed
84
aplysia studies
both neuron function and structure change during conditioning
85
thinking
manipulating mental representations of informaiton to draw inferences and conclusions
86
problem-solving
thinking and behavior directed towards obtaining a not readily available goal
87
heuristic
a general rule-of-thumb strategy that only might work, reduces the number of possible solutions
88
insight
a solution arrived in a sudden realization
89
intuition
coming to a conclusion without conscious awareness of the thought process involved
90
functional fixedness
only view an object as functioning in the usual way
91
mental set
tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that worked in the past
92
confirmation bias
search for information that conigmrs a belief
93
intelligence quotient (IQ)
a measure of general intelligence derived by comparing an individuals score with the scores of others in the same age group
94
mental age
a measure of general intelligence in which an individuals mental level is expressed in terms of the average abilities of a given age group
95
3 requirements of a scientifically accepted test
standardization, reliability, validity
96
standardization
test is given to a large number of subjects of a particular group, standards follow normal distribution
97
reliability
consistently produce similar socres on different occassions
98
validity
test meausres what its supposed to
99
Howard Gardner
different mental abilities are biologically distinct and controlled by different brain regions, mental abilities are independent of eachother
100
successful intelligence
analytic, creative, practical
101
analytic intelligence
mental processes learn to solve problems
102
creative intelligence
ability to deal with new situations by drawing exissting skills
103
practical intelligence
the ability to adapt to the environment
104
3 characteristics of motivation
activation, persistence, intensity
105
instinct theories
people are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming
106
drive theories
behavior is motivated by the desire to decrease internal tensions caused by unmet biological needs
107
incentive theories
behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals
108
arousal theory
people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal
109
humanistic theories
people are innately motivated to realize their highest personal potential
110
ghrelin
strongly stimulates appetite
111
cholecystokinin
triggers satiation (fullness)
112
leptin
decreases food intake
113
insulin
promotes glucose absorbtion by cells
114
neuropeptide Y
triggers eating behaviors
115
normal BMI
18-25
116
overweight BMI
25-29.9
117
obese BMI
over 30
118
maslows hierarchy of needs
people are motivated to satisfy the levels needs before moving on, physioogical -> safety -> love -> esteem -> self-actualization
119
emotional intelligence
ability to manage your own emotions, comprehend others emotional responses, respond appropriately to others emotions
