CH 9 Flashcards by Alexis Bobbitt

When cells are exposed to adverse conditions, they go through a process called:
hypertrophy.
apoptosis.
crenation.
adaptation.

adaptation

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A person with a normal total cholesterol level:
is at high risk for an acute cardiac event if his or her HDL levels are elevated.
is still at risk for coronary artery disease if his or her LDL levels are elevated.
will probably not develop coronary artery disease, even if his or her HDL levels are low.
will likely not experience an acute cardiac event, even if his or her LDL levels are elevated.

is still at risk for coronary artery disease if his or her LDL levels are elevated.

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Which of the following statements regarding basophils is correct?
Basophils release histamine in response to inflammation.
Basophils account for approximately 70% of leukocytes.
Basophils release chemicals that destroy parasitic invaders.
Basophils travel to the tissues, where they become macrophages.

Basophils release histamine in response to inflammation.

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Distributive shock occurs when:
microorganisms attack the blood vessels, resulting in vasodilation.
a significant decrease in cardiac contractility causes decreased perfusion.
central vasoconstriction forces blood from the core of the body.
blood pools in expanded vascular beds and tissue perfusion decreases.

blood pools in expanded vascular beds and tissue perfusion decreases.

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Which of the following is an autoimmune disease?
Graves disease
Congestive heart failure
HIV infection
Type 2 diabetes

Graves disease

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Which of the following medications or conditions would likely cause or contribute to hyperkalemia?
Any non–potassium-sparing diuretic
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
Selective beta-2 agonists
Reduction in potassium dietary intake

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

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Strength of a person’s peripheral pulses is related to:
stroke volume and pulse pressure.
cardiac output and heart rate.
physical size and blood pressure.
heart rate and preload.

stroke volume and pulse pressure.

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Which of the following is a common health risk associated with obesity?
Hypotension
Hypolipidemia
Insulin resistance
Type 1 diabetes

Insulin resistance

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The paramedic is in the best position to formulate an appropriate treatment plan for an ill patient if the paramedic:
obtains a complete list of all the patient’s medications.
performs a head-to-toe exam to detect all abnormalities.
is able to determine the origin of the patient’s illness.
gathers a reliable medical history from the patient’s family.

is able to determine the origin of the patient’s illness.

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The secondary (amnestic) immune response occurs when:
the body is initially exposed to a foreign substance.
the body is re-exposed to a foreign substance.
biologic mediators release histamine and other chemicals.
an antibody binds to a specific antigen and destroys it.

the body is re-exposed to a foreign substance.

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Early signs or symptoms of breast cancer include:
nipple discharge and breast tenderness.
a small, painless lump in the breast.
significant weight loss and vomiting.
swollen lymph glands in the axilla.

a small, painless lump in the breast.

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Gout is a condition in which:
uric acid accumulates in the blood.
calcium deposits affect the joints.
the kidneys fail to excrete sodium.
synovial fluid is progressively destroyed.

uric acid accumulates in the blood.

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Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus:
are less likely to develop ketoacidosis.
control their disease with dietary modification.
need exogenous insulin to survive.
experience excessive cellular uptake of glucose.

need exogenous insulin to survive.

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Which of the following statements regarding hemophilia is correct?
Hemophilia is an inherited disorder, is characterized by excessive bleeding, and occurs predominantly in males.
Hemophilia is generally not an inherited disorder and affects males and females in equal numbers.
Hemophilia is caused by excessive production of factor VIII.
Hemophilia is characterized by factor VIII deficit and is passed from asymptomatic fathers to daughters.

Hemophilia is an inherited disorder, is characterized by excessive bleeding, and occurs predominantly in males.

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Older adults have increased levels of autoantibodies, which:
predispose the patient to ischemic stroke.
increase the person’s risk of infection.
are antibodies directed against the patient.
cause a decreased level of macrophages.

are antibodies directed against the patient.

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Which of the following conditions can cause edema secondary to decreased colloidal osmotic pressure in the capillaries?
Environmental heat stress
Prolonged standing
Pregnancy
Liver disease

Liver disease

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Which factor is the antihemophilic factor?
VIII
XI
IX
VII

VIII

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Ascites is defined as:
fluid buildup in the lungs due to decreased cardiac function.
lower extremity edema caused by lymphatic obstruction.
an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
fluid backup in the periphery due to right atrial dysfunction.

an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

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Opsonization is a process in which:
an antibody coats an antigen to facilitate its recognition by immune cells.
antibodies cause antigens to clump together to facilitate phagocytosis.
antibodies bind to and inactivate toxins produced by bacteria.
a mother passes IgG and IgM antibodies to the fetus via breast milk.

an antibody coats an antigen to facilitate its recognition by immune cells.

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If a patient is confined to bed for a prolonged period of time, you would expect edema to form in the:
face, neck, and chest.
peritoneum.
upper extremities.
sacrum.

sacrum.

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A sodium loss in the body without a proportionate loss of water would cause:
hypernatremia.
hyponatremia.
hypokalemia.
hyperkalemia.

hyponatremia.

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The resistance stage of the stress reaction is characterized by:
an immediate release of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine, which causes the fight-or-flight response.
stimulation of the adrenal glands to secrete hormones that increase blood glucose levels and maintain blood pressure.
adrenal gland depletion, which leads to decreased blood glucose levels, physical exhaustion, and immunocompromise.
a reduction of cortisol in the body, which predisposes the person to acute inflammatory processes.

stimulation of the adrenal glands to secrete hormones that increase blood glucose levels and maintain blood pressure.

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The study of the functioning of an organism in the presence of disease is called:
pathophysiology.
physiology.
biochemistry.
biology.

pathophysiology.

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Which of the following statements regarding multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is correct?
At the cellular level, MODS results in aerobic metabolism, metabolic alkalosis, and impaired cellular function.
MODS typically develops within 20 to 30 minutes following resuscitation from cardiac arrest.
Signs and symptoms of MODS include compensatory hypertension, bradycardia, and a fever greater than 105 degrees Fahrenheit.
MODS occurs when injury or infection triggers a massive systemic immune, inflammatory, and coagulation response.

MODS occurs when injury or infection triggers a massive systemic immune, inflammatory, and coagulation response.

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Major risk factors for lung cancer include: female sex and age over 40 years. chewing tobacco use and a history of allergies. cigarette smoking and exposure to asbestos. frequent respiratory infections and asthma.

cigarette smoking and exposure to asbestos.

B lymphocytes produce antibodies when they are activated by: mast cells. phagocytes. eosinophils. helper T cells.

helper T cells.

Acidosis is characterized by a(n): increase in hydrogen ions and an increase in pH. decrease in hydrogen ions and an increase in pH. increase in hydrogen ions and a decrease in pH. decrease in hydrogen ions and a decrease in pH.

increase in hydrogen ions and a decrease in pH.

Generally, the only physical finding in a patient with a prolapsed mitral valve is: a chronically irregular heart rate. a clicking sound heard during cardiac auscultation. dyspnea and palpitations while in a sitting position. sharp chest pain following strenuous exertion.

a clicking sound heard during cardiac auscultation.

A type I hypersensitivity reaction is: a cytotoxic reaction and destroys many of the body's healthy cells. a local reaction that primarily involves IgG antibodies. an allergic response that occurs within hours of antigen exposure. an acute reaction that occurs in response to a stimulus.

an acute reaction that occurs in response to a stimulus.

Which of the following is an early sign of shock? Systolic BP less than 90 mm Hg Absence of peripheral pulses Decreasing end-tidal CO2 Altered level of consciousness

Decreasing end-tidal CO2

The cardinal sign of overhydration is: tachycardia. dyspnea. hypertension. edema.

edema.

Which of the following represents an abnormal electrolyte serum level? Sodium, 140 mEq/L Magnesium, 2.4 mEq/L Potassium, 4.9 mEq/L Calcium, 9.5 mEq/L

Magnesium, 2.4 mEq/L

Half of the body's magnesium is stored in the: skeletal muscle. extracellular fluid. kidneys. bones.

bones

Which of the following disease processes would likely cause delayed or dysfunctional wound healing? Hypertension Hypothyroidism Heart disease Diabetes

Diabetes

Which of the following conditions would cause a proportionate gain in both water and sodium? Steroid use Loop diuretic use Diarrhea Hemorrhage

Steroid use

Allergies are acquired following: initial exposure to an allergen. repeated exposure to an allergen. most bacterial infections. indirect exposure to an allergen.

initial exposure to an allergen.

Unlike bacteria, viruses: do not produce exotoxins or endotoxins. are unable to replicate. do not produce an immune response. are treated effectively with antibiotics.

do not produce exotoxins or endotoxins.

Unlike an allergic reaction, an autoimmune reaction: is generally predictable. does not involve antibodies. targets an antigen or allergen. targets a person's own tissues.

targets a person's own tissues.

Gross distortions of reality, withdrawal from social contacts, and bizarre behavior are characteristic of: bipolar disorder. obsessive-compulsive disorder. depression. schizophrenia.

schizophrenia.

Muscle cramps and paresthesias in a malnourished patient with alcoholism are likely the result of: hypernatremia. hypermagnesemia. hypocalcemia. hyperkalemia.

hypocalcemia.

Interleukins function by: attracting white blood cells to the sites of injury and bacterial invasion. stimulating macrophages to help engulf and destroy foreign substances. keeping leukocytes at the infection site until they can perform their task. releasing prothrombin from the liver and converting it to thrombin.

attracting white blood cells to the sites of injury and bacterial invasion.

The two most common causes of inflammation are: infection and injury. fever and phagocytosis. immunosuppression and fever. hypercarbia and hypoxemia.

infection and injury.

An inflammatory condition of the respiratory system that results in intermittent wheezing and excess mucus production is called: asthma. emphysema. sinusitis. bronchitis.

asthma.

A patient who overdosed on heroin and is unconscious with slow, shallow respirations would likely experience: increased CO2 retention. acute metabolic acidosis. excess CO2 elimination. a pH well above 7.45.

increased CO2 retention.

Hyperkalemia is defined as: a relative deficit of sodium. excess potassium in the cells. a critically low magnesium level. an elevated serum potassium level.

an elevated serum potassium level.

During the acute inflammatory response: transient arteriolar constriction is followed by arteriolar dilation, which allows an influx of blood under increased pressure. active hyperemia causes the blood vessels to constrict, which diverts blood flow away from the affected site. chemical mediators, which are primarily produced by monocytes, cause localized constriction of the vessels adjacent to the affected site. increased vessel wall permeability forces fluid out of the interstitial spaces, resulting in cell shrinkage and eventual death.

transient arteriolar constriction is followed by arteriolar dilation, which allows an influx of blood under increased pressure.

Following a stroke, a man has atrophy of his left leg. This means that: overuse of his left leg has caused it to enlarge. the number of cells in his thigh have decreased. his left leg is smaller in size than his right leg. the shape of the cells in his thigh are irregular.

his left leg is smaller in size than his right leg.

Muscular dystrophy is characterized by: involuntary rapid, jerky motions and mental deterioration, leading to dementia. progressive deterioration of involuntary muscles, specifically the diaphragm. relaxation of the vascular smooth muscles, resulting in progressive hypoperfusion. weakness and wasting of groups of skeletal muscles, leading to increasing disability.

weakness and wasting of groups of skeletal muscles, leading to increasing disability.

The most common type of exogenous hypovolemic shock is caused by: external bleeding. severe diarrhea. internal hemorrhage. excess plasma loss.

external bleeding.

At birth, a healthy full-term neonate has a total body water of: 80%. 90%. 60%. 70%.

80%

When nerve cells and cardiac myocytes are injured: their cells divide completely and thus heal completely. they are replaced by regeneration from remaining cells. scar tissue forms because these cells cannot be replaced. a slow influx of blood flow causes progressive repair.

scar tissue forms because these cells cannot be replaced.

Carpopedal spasm that occurs during respiratory alkalosis is caused by a(n): intracellular potassium shift. intracellular calcium shift. extracellular sodium shift. decrease in arterial CO2.

intracellular calcium shift.

Which of the following represents an abnormal electrolyte serum level? Chloride, 100 mEq/L Potassium, 5.9 mEq/L Sodium, 140 mEq/L Calcium, 9.9 mEq/L

Potassium, 5.9 mEq/L

The body's rejection of an organ following transplantation is likely the result of: an infection. isoimmunity. hypersensitivity. autoimmunity.

isoimmunity.

A patient with kidney or liver failure would most likely develop: an increase in isotonic fluid. excessive hypertonic fluid levels. severe dehydration. cellular shrinkage and death.

an increase in isotonic fluid.

Orthostatic hypotension and oliguria are common manifestations of: dehydration. fluid overload. hypernatremia. left-sided heart failure.

dehydration.

Which antibody is the dominant antibody in blood type incompatibilities? IgM IgD IgE IgG

IgM

Which imbalance would likely be observed in a patient with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)? Normal fluid volume with hyponatremia Fluid deficit with hypernatremia Fluid excess with hypernatremia Fluid excess with hyponatremia

Normal fluid volume with hyponatremia

Early manifestations of Alzheimer disease include: impaired cognition and impaired abstract thinking. memory loss and subtle personality changes. inability to carry out activities of daily living. indifference to food and urinary incontinence.

memory loss and subtle personality changes.

Patients with congenital prolongation of the QT interval are at greatest risk for: sudden asystole. acute myocardial infarction. coronary artery disease. ventricular dysrhythmias.

ventricular dysrhythmias.

If an injury leading to cell degeneration is of sufficient intensity and duration: the cell will become inflamed and may burst. ischemia will result in simple necrosis. the cell will undergo coagulation necrosis. irreversible cell injury will lead to cell death.

irreversible cell injury will lead to cell death.

Infectious cellular injury would likely occur in a patient: with metastatic cancer. with uncontrolled hypertension. who is over 30 years of age. with migraine headaches.

with metastatic cancer.

Hemolytic anemia is a disease characterized by: decreased production of red blood cells. an overproduction of red blood cells. premature death of white blood cells. increased destruction of red blood cells.

increased destruction of red blood cells.

Edema in an upper extremity following a mastectomy is the result of: localized vasoconstriction. surgery-induced inflammation. obstruction of a large blood vessel. decreased lymphatic drainage.

decreased lymphatic drainage.

Which of the following factors would cause a decreased shift of potassium into the cells? Metabolic acidosis Insulin deficiency Alkalosis Increased vagal tone

Alkalosis

White blood cells that develop from B cells and produce large volumes of specific antibodies are called: killer T cells. macrophages. T lymphocytes. plasma cells.

plasma cells.

If the cause of a disease is unknown, it is said to be: organic. idiopathic. pathologic. functional.

idiopathic.

Which of the following conditions would most likely cause hyperventilation? Nasogastric suctioning Metabolic alkalosis Excessive water intake Aspirin overdose

Aspirin overdose

Angiogenesis is defined as the: regrowth of damaged blood vessels. destruction of blood vessels. growth of new blood vessels. rerouting of intact blood vessels.

growth of new blood vessels.

Apoptosis is defined as: normal cell death. premature cell death. hypoxic cell death. pathologic cell death.

normal cell death.

When oxygen does not reach the cell, the cell reverts to: fat metabolism and begins producing ketoacids. anaerobic metabolism and produces bicarbonate. anaerobic metabolism and produces lactic acid. aerobic metabolism and produces carbon dioxide.

anaerobic metabolism and produces lactic acid.

Which of the following is a common sign and symptom of ulcerative colitis? Weakness and weight loss Prolonged constipation Pus or blood in the stools Bloating after milk ingestion

Pus or blood in the stools

Which protein bonds to form the fibrous component of a blood clot? Plasmin Kinin Collagen Fibrin

Fibrin

A patient with chronic renal insufficiency who has been taking laxatives and presents with confusion, muscle weakness, and decreased deep tendon reflexes likely has: decreased serum sodium levels. an overall decrease in serum potassium. an increased serum level of magnesium. increased intracellular magnesium levels.

an increased serum level of magnesium.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by: generalized thinning of the left and right ventricles. enlargement or thickening of the heart muscle. a significant reduction of blood return to the atria. progressive shrinking of the right side of the heart.

enlargement or thickening of the heart muscle.

CH 9 Flashcards

(75 cards)