Ch 9 Flashcards by Tyler Brace

List four types of scales and describe their shape

Placoid: look like teeth
Ganoid: look like diamonds
Cycloid: scales which are round
Ctenoid: round with sharp barbs

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What group of sensory organs do fish possess the land animals lack

Optic Lobes

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What organ allows the fish to float at different depths

Swimbladder

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What are two ways that fish produced light

Photophore: a light producing organ
Or
Bioluminescent bacteria that are capable of glowing

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Describe the structure of a fish’s gills

Each gill is made of an arch from which two rows of long narrow gill filaments branch. As the fish takes in water through its mouth, the water is filtered by the gill filaments before exiting the gill slits. A hard, movable plate called the operculum protects and covers all this delicate anatomy. As the water passes through the gill cavity, the gill filaments remove over 80% of the oxygen in the water. Fish are more efficient at extracting oxygen from their environment than any other oxygen breathing animal.

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Into what two groups are bony fish divided based on their fins?

Ray finned fish

Lobe-finned fish

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Identify the two classes of fish and give two examples from each class

Chondrichthyes: rays
Cyclostomata: hagfish

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What is the name for the scales that cover a sharks body

Denticles

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List two differences between true rays and skates

True rays do not have the dorsal fins and long noses

Skates have dorsal fins and long nose

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What is the name for the sawfish’s unusual nose

Rostrum

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Describe the differences between the three types of chimeras’ noses

Short nosed chimaeras are called ratfish because of the rounded or cone shaped noses
Plow nosed chimaeras are called elephantfish because of their trunk like noses
Long nosed chimaeras have a long pointed or paddle shaped noses and are often called spook fish

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This is the reason the hagfish produces slime

The slime is produced and when mixed with seawater makes the coding so the hagfishes almost impossible to hold. It also can suffocate pray, ward off predators, and line burrow walls.

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This is the name for scientists who study reptiles and amphibians.

Herpetologists

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Name the largest lizard and the smallest lizard.

The Komodo Dragon is the largest at 10 feet; the gecko is the smallest at .6 inch.

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This is the transparent I covering of a gecko

Spectacle

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The four methods of snake locomotion

Lateral undulation
Rectilinear movement
Concertina movement
Sidewinding movement

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For what does a snake it use it Jacobson’s organ?

Smelling

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Name three design features the snake has that help it to eat large meals

Unhinged jaws
The trachea moves forward to keep breathing occurring while eating
The snake produces quite a lot gastric juice to digest bones and teeth

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What are the two types of snake venom and which parts of the body do they affect?

Neurotoxic that attacks the nervous system, causing blindness and paralyzing the diaphragm
Hemotoxic this venom affects the circulatory system causing red blood cells to burst

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This is the name for scientists who study reptiles and amphibians

Herpetologist

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This is the largest lizard.

This is the smallest lizard.

The Komodo dragon

the gecko Jaragua Sphaero

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These are the four methods of snake locomotion

Sidewinding
lateral undulation
rectilinear and
concertina movement

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This is the transplant I covering of a gecko

Spectacle

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What does a snake use its Jacobson’s organ for?

Smelling

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Three design features the snake has that help at eat large meals

The jaw unhinges to open wider The trachea moves up to make room for the prey going into the throat Skin stretches to accommodate the large amount of food

What are the two types of snake venom in which parts of the body do they affect?

Neurotoxic - affecting the nervous system causing blindness and paralysis of the diaphragm until the victim suffocates Hemotoxic - affecting the circulatory system causing the red blood cells to burst

What are the three come in groups of turtles mentioned in the text question

Freshwater turtles marine turtles and terrestrial turtles

These are the four types of crocodilian

Crocodiles alligators Gavial Caiman

This is the function of the parietal eye.

To detect light and dark used as a solar radiation detector telling the tuataras when to seek shelter from the sun

These are the differences between a sauropod and a theropod

Theropods were carnivorous Had huge jaws with 6 inch curved cerrrated and strong teeth designed for tearing flesh Walked on two legs Could reach 50 feet long and weigh more than five tons sauropods were herbivorous Had leaf shaped teeth walked on giant elephantine legs 70 to 100 feet long and weighed almost 100 tons

What are the three groups of amphibians?

Anurans salamanders caecilians

What are the requirements for an animal to be a tetrapod?

Possessing for legs

Define metamorphosis

The changing of an immature hatchling which does not resemble it's parents into an adult which looks like others of that species. It transforms an aquatic larva into a terrestrial adult.

What is the group to which both roads frogs belong?

Anurans

What is the name for a frog or toad larva?

Tadpoles

Why are caecilians rarely seen?

They are burrowing creatures and are aquatic.

What are annuli?

Skin folds or rings on a caecilian's body that attach directly to the underlying muscle and contains keratin to harden it, ensuring it does not peel off as it rubs against rough dirt.

This term refers to an inguanid's throat fan

Dewlap

The largest group of snakes

Colubrids

The tooth like scales found on sharks

Scutes

The term for the process whereby a mother caecilian grows a new layer of fat every three days to feed her young

Dermatophagy

Frogs and toads are placed into this group

Anurans

The turtles upper shell that covers it back

Carapace

This is not considered a chimaera family

Large-nosed chimaera

The breathing openings that sharks and rays have behind their eyes

Spiracles

Scientists base the three main categories of salamanders on this characteristic

Reproduction

The group that true rays, electric rays, skates and sawfish are classified in

Baronies

A scientist who studies fish

Ichthyologist

A "square" on a turtles shell is called this

Scythe

In which type of movement does a snake follow and S shaped path by exerting force against surface irregularities?

Lateral undulation

This group contains amphibians with lung bodies and no limbs

Caecilian's

The protective layer that surrounds the nutrient filled egg in a reptile

Amnion

This organism has slime glands that help create a slippery toting around

Hagfish

The lizard like reptile with a parietal eye

Tuatara

The organ used by snakes to detect scent molecules

Jacobson's

The gecko's transparent eye cover

Spectacle

Color-containing cells that control a reptile's ability to change color

Chromatophores

The Oregon used by snakes to detect temperature

Pit organ

The shark that has eyes on large wings on either side of its head

Hammerhead shark

The general term for terrestrial (land-dwelling) turtles

Tortoises

The term that refers to a medicine used to counteract venom

Anti-venin

Which crocodilians have narrow snouts and a fourth lower tooth that shows when the job is closed?

Crocodiles

The largest known fish

The whale shark

The longest living animal

Tortoise

The group of venomous snakes that has small, immovable fangs

Elwood's

The largest living lizard

Komodo dragon

The type of venom that attacks the circulatory system

Hemotoxic venom

The process by which amphibians change from aquatic larvate to terrestrial adults

Metamorphosis

The worlds smallest snakes

Blind snakes

Larvae of frogs and toads

Tadpoles

Herpetologist study these two creatures

Reptiles and amphibians

Animals that possess four legs

Tetrapods

On sandy ground, a snake moves using this method, in which it supports its body at several points while moving the rest in the direction of motion

Sidewinding movement

Animals that use external means to regulate temperature

Cold – blooded

Fish eggs are known as

Roe

Hard, movable plate covering a fish's gills

Operculum

Fin made of a single bone surrounded by muscle

Loved

This allows fish to stay suspended in water

Swim bladder

Protective case that sharks lay their eggs in

Mermaid's purse

W shaped band of skeletal muscle

Myomere

Fin located on the side of the fish and behind its gills

Pectoral fin

Prominent fin on top of a fish

Dorsal fin

A fish's tail fin

Caudal fin

A sawfish's long and unusual nose

Rostrum

Describe the metamorphosis of a frog

Hind legs begin to develop; the front legs form after the hind legs. During the leg growth, the tail begins to shrink. The digestive system begins to shrinking. The tadpole develops lungs. Once the tail is completely absorbed, the tadpole, now called a froglet, is capable of leaving the water.

How was England different from most of Europe in the late in the 19th century? For what four things is England noted in the 19th century?

England became a leading nation because of the Industrial Revolution and spread Christianity to other lands as well. England was noted for progress toward more representative government, establishment of religious toleration, and the growth of the British Empire. It was also known for the reign of Queen Victoria, the longest ruling monarch in English history.

Who is the longest ruling monarch in English history? What did she read dog when she discovered she might become queen?

Queen Victoria | She resolved to be good. Her reign would be different.

Who is Queen Victoria's husband? Which prime minister had the greatest influence on her?

Prince Albert | Benjamin Disraeli

What was the secret of Victorian England's greatness?

The Bible

Whom did the Liberals represent in 1850? Whom did the conservatives represent in 1850? And who was the leader of the Liberals? Who is the leader of the conservatives?

The middle class of the Industrial Age Nobility another wealthy people William Gladstone was the Liberal leader Benjamin Disraeli was the conservative leader

What key issue has always prevented peace between England and Ireland?

Religion. England was protestant and Ireland was Catholic. They disagreed for years and years.

Into what two sections was Ireland divided in the 20th century? What are they called today

Irish Free State and Northeast Ulster then | Ireland and Northern Ireland today

Explain the economic, religious, and patriotic factors of the expansion of the British Empire. What three words some of these factors?

The colonies supplied Britain with wealth and power. Britain shared with her colonies Christianity, technology, representative government, and reform. The words that some of these factors are gold, God, and glory. Economic factors – capitalism began and businessmen wanted raw materials to fuel industries and open markets and investment opportunities Religious factors – Englishmen promoted missions so much that the 19th century became the Great Century of Missions Patriotic factors – Britons we're very proud of their queen, their flag, their fleet, and their empire. Others followed the growth of the empire and began to love the country also.

Identify these things

Victorian age Oxford Movement Act of Union Catholic Emancipation Act

Who was called the father of homeless waves and why?

George Mueller

Who founded the Salvation Army and what was its purpose?

William Booth | It's purpose was to minister to people and convert them to Christianity.

Why was the YMCA founded and what do the initials stand for?

It was founded "to aid the improvement of the spiritual condition of young men." Young Men's Christian Association

Who lead in the founding of the international Red Cross? Who lead in the founding of the American National Red Cross?

Jean-Henri Dunant | Clara Barton

Who is called the Prince of preachers? What was the name of his church?

Charles Haddon Spurgeon | Metropolitan Tabernacle

Identify these people

Sir George Williams Florence Nightingale Gipsy Smith

Ch 9 Flashcards

(100 cards)